How Climate Change Are Getting Worse, Is It Better For The...

Lessons 1 and 3 (750 words): Using both the Smith et al. (2009) article from Lesson 1 and the Repetto (2008) article from Lesson 3, answer the following question: if the impacts of climate change are getting worse, is it better for the United States to rely on reactive adaptation or on anticipatory adaptation? In your discussion, you must define both reactive and anticipatory adaptation. Support your answer with examples from course content, the readings, or other non-course scholarly sources. †¨ â€Å"Adaptation is defined by the IPCC as the adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects that moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Various types of adaptation can be distinguished, including anticipatory and reactive adaptation, private and public adaptation, and autonomous and planned adaptation. † Reactive adaptation refers to adaptation that take place after impacts of climate change are observed. It is the immediate response to climate change. This type of adaptation is often used in recovery. Reactive adaptation is needed in disaster recovery, emergency respond and so on. Sometimes it is not the best response when the past knowledge doesn t match current environmental and socio-economic situations. However, people noticed that only reactive adaption is not efficient enough to deal with climate change, especially for irreversible damages such as ecosystems that cannot be recovered and extinctionShow MoreRelatedClimate Change Is The Biggest Human Induced Threat On The Environment784 Words   |  4 PagesClimate change is the biggest human induced threat on the environment; it threatens animal and human life, as well as the economy. After climate change was discovered in the early 1800’s, scientist immediately started research on ways global warming could be solved. 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The first main factor behind this issue is that theRead MoreThe Problem Of Global Warming1430 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming in the United Stated Global warming is no longer just a prediction it is actually happening. It is undisputed that the average temperature at the surface of Earth has increased over the past century by 1 degree Fahrenheit, with both the air and the oceans warming. Since 1880, when people in many locations first began to keep temperature records, the 25 warmest years have all occurred within the last 28 years. The problem is that if we keep on hurting our own environment and ecosystemsRead MoreGlobal Warming: Fact or Fiction? Essay867 Words   |  4 Pageswarming does not exist. There is proven facts about global warning. â€Å"The major scientific agencies of the United States — including the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) — agree that climate change is occurring and that humans are contributing to it. In 2010, the National Research Council concluded that Climate change is occurring, is very likely caused by human activities, and poses significant risks for a broad rangeRead MorePolitics Is Blame For A Changing Climate1168 Words   |  5 PagesChanging Climate In the 1980’s, scientists discovered three important pieces of information that would shape American politics and the environment for years to come. The Earth was getting warmer, the warming was caused by human pollution to the air and sea, and future generations would suffer (Hansen). Few believed these environmentalists at first, but as science progressed, the signs that climate change was a real threat became more and more apparent. Today, the debate on climate change is a popularRead MoreGlobal Climate Change And Global Warming1054 Words   |  5 Pagesglobal climate change is happening. From the melting of the polar ice caps, to record severe temperatures, rise in natural disasters, rise in pollution, greater number of vector-borne and water borne illnesses, and much more. Unless there is something done to change the current technology being used to provide energy to the human population global climate change will only continue to get worse. Climate change is the bigges t global health threat of the 21st century and we must act and change the useRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects1416 Words   |  6 Pages Global Warming The earth is getting warmer, animals and their habitats are declining, human health is at risk and the cause of all this terror is Global Warming. Global warming will cause many parts of the world to change. In the next 50 years climate change could be the cause of more than a million terrestrial species becoming extinct. Sea levels will raise which means more flooding and is not good for the plants. With too much water the plants will die and herbivores will lose theirRead MoreClimate Change : How It Affects People And The Environment Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesClimate change PART ONE – Describe the nature of the geographic issue Describe the issue: what it is, where it is happening, why it is happening, who it involves, how it effects people and the environment. You must include a map showing the location of the issue (you may find one on the internet or construct it yourself). You may include any other visuals such as photos, diagrams. Nowadays human activities like driving cars, burning coal and cutting down forests and farming produce greenhouse gasesRead MoreUnity And Low Lying Regions1412 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment involvement, creating alternative energy sources, and controlling greenhouse gases. Climate change is altering the earth, and will ultimately destroy it in the end. Global warming is caused by carbon dioxide pollution in the atmosphere from emissions like cars, electricity, factories, and other machines causing a chain reaction of dramatic climate change from one extreme to another. Climate change is the cause of polar melting, glacier melting, and sea level rise, and could lead to the exhaustionRead MoreClimate Change : How It Affects People And The Environment1646 Words   |  7 PagesClimate change PART ONE – Describe the nature of the geographic issue Describe the issue: what it is, where it is happening, why it is happening, who it involves, how it effects people and the environment. You must include a map showing the location of the issue (you may find one on the internet or construct it yourself). You may include any other visuals such as photos, diagrams. Nowadays human activities like driving cars, burning coal and cutting down forests and farming produce greenhouse gases

Food Deserts What Is The Solution - 853 Words

Medicare has a thin line when it comes to covering obesity, but it seems to become harder to receive coverage. According to an overview entitled â€Å"Obesity†, it â€Å"Is a condition where the body of a mammal has stored so much energy that the fatty tissues are stored and expanding to create a significant health risk, with an increased rate of mortality to the body† (Gale Encyclopedia of Science 2014). After years of living with obesity, it can eventually be fatal, or develop more health hazards such as diabetes, heart attacks, strokes, and osteoarthritis. Mildly obese begins after becoming 20% above ideal weight. With the use of Medicare and government fundings, we can prevent food deserts, support programs needed for the people, and include psychological coverage. Consuming copious amounts of unhealthy foods is believed to be the main cause of obesity. This statement is true because of the existence of food deserts. In the article â€Å"Food Deserts: What is the problem? What is the solution?† by The Science Letter, it is determined that food deserts are when â€Å"Poor people eat poor diets in part because fresh, healthy food is not accessible in areas where they tend to live† (Science Letter 2016). These poor diets come from abuse of fast food locations that are closer to home, in comparison to supermarkets that are distant and require preparation time for cooking at home. It is often seen as an easy way out, but an easy way to slothful living. This lifestyle of constant intake ofShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Food Deserts774 Words   |  4 Pagesfruit. Why? Because there are food deserts EVERYWHERE in America. Specifically, in Georgia, nearly two million people live in one. And to be more specific, the metro Atlanta are a has more food deserts than any other city in Georgia. But the excuse that they have for eating what they eat is plain out a terrible excuse: â€Å"they can not help the fact that they are not near a store, so they have to work with what they have†. They do not actually try to better themselves or what they eat, so they end up takingRead MoreSupply Of Viable Grocery Store Options1253 Words   |  6 Pagesrestaurants and food options; however, many of these food options are not the healthiest. As stated by the Food Empowerment Project, a food desert is typically â€Å"Described as geographic areas where residents’ access to affordable, healthy food options [...] is restricted or nonexistent due to the absence of grocery stores within convenient travelling distance.† Moreover, the people who live in these food deserts are low income families and minorities. These food deserts are the leading cause of food insecurityRead MoreAnalysis Of The Huffington Post, By Jo urnalist Kristy Blackwood1336 Words   |  6 Pagesnecessities to prosper. If so, why are American who live in the lower income areas has a shortage of healthy foods at their disposal? Kristy Blackwood and Iris Mansour acknowledge the clear fact to why a called a first-world country has millions of people struggle with not having the access to the suitable food to help combat the issue of obesity in the nation. In â€Å"Transforming Food Deserts and Swamps to Fight Obesity† an article that appeared in The Huffington Post, by journalist Kristy BlackwoodRead MoreThe Food Of A Food Desert Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pagesthe deadliest places when left stranded without proper supplies are deserts. The most popular ones are the Sahara, Arabian, Mojave, and Food. Food? Yes, as much as people say that’s nonsense, a food desert is an occurring anomaly that impacts many people around the world, and in the United States. A food desert is a place where people do not have access t o natural healthy food, however they do have access to cheap unhealthy food. Those areas today tend to be densely populated urban communities thatRead MoreFood Areas Of The United States1251 Words   |  6 Pageshungry due to limited access to nutritional food on a regular basis. There is a vast disparity in those with access to food based on a number of factors, such as race, access to private transportation, and income. These factors all stem from one overarching idea, geography. Those without access to nutritional food originate from low-income areas that are miles away from a supermarket and they must depend on local convenience stores. The issue of food deserts therefore arise as particular areas in theRead MoreFood Deserts in Chicago1741 Words   |  7 Pagesto produce healthy foods. The increasing amount of food deserts and lack of family income contributes to African-American obesity rates, and lack of healthy choices. Ironically, these food desserts reside in communities plagued by poverty. These income restrictions also add to the problems that are part of being in a food desert. Literature Review Mari Gallagher(2006). Examining the Impact of Food Deserts on Public Health in Chicago Food deserts are places where healthy foods are not produced norRead MoreHow Does America Solve Food Deserts? Essay1034 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica Solve Food Deserts? In Eric Holt-Gimenez’s article, â€Å"The Fight over Food Deserts: Corporate America Smacks Its Way Down†, the author provides answers the food desert epidemic facing the United States today. A food desert is an area in which fresh and nutritious food is not readily available to the masses. Whether it be because of economic or geographic reasons, the fresh ingredients are often scarce and expensive. Gimenez first addresses the corporate aspect of food desert problem and howRead MoreThe Current Food Of Food707 Words   |  3 PagesThe current food system is highly market oriented and has many flawes that impact people in negative ways. The system contains problems starting form the production stage (farm labor issues) to the distribution ( food insecurities ). The current food system is primary driven by commodity rather than what people in communities want or need. In other words, because of globalization the food system provides customers with goods without asking the needs and want of the people. For instance, many citiesRead MorePhysical Consequences of Impoverished Families1480 Words   |  6 Pagesstruggled with it. Many people who have studied the issue of obesity and improper nutrition have credited the issue to laziness and unhealthy eating styles. The solution to this problem is not as easy as it might seem. One might think that being more active and eating healthier is an easy fix to the problem of obesity; however, the solution is much more complicated. People tend to blame obesity on people making wrong lifestyle choices. For example, eating a Big Mac from McDonalds instead of eatingRead MoreFood Deserts : Problems Associated With Developing Nations1417 Words   |  6 PagesFood Deserts Issues of hunger and malnutrition are commonly associated with developing nations and are often overlooked in wealthy countries. However, there is growing areas forming across the United States called food deserts. Food deserts are a big recognized problem in our country. Food deserts are a problem today that we need to address.we need to find a resolution for this issue. America has more fast food stores on every corner then they have food markets. this must be fixed. america needs

Comparison of Child Characters in Salingers Teddy and A Perfect Day for Bananafish free essay sample

J. D. Salinger’s Nine Stories there are many tales centered on children, who are often depicted as a symbol of hope and connected with the values that stand in contrast to the ones typical of the adults corrupted by materialism. In my essay, I would like to concentrate on the portrayal of children in â€Å"A Perfect Day for Bananafish† and â€Å"Teddy†. Even though the way these characters are depicted is similar, a child protagonist in each of the stories is representative of different things. While Sibyl can be seen as a prototype of a childlike innocence, purity and simplicity, Teddy can hardly be considered a prototypical innocent child. Despite the simplicity of Sibyl’s thinking, her presence and behavior help the reader draw many complex conclusions about the main adult in the story â€Å"A Perfect Day For Bananafish†, Seymour Glass. Having many abilities and experiences but still being a child at the same time, Teddy also provides us with an in depth understanding of the adult world. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Child Characters in Salingers Teddy and A Perfect Day for Bananafish or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In my essay, I would therefore like to contrast and compare the things the children stand for and represent, and the way they provide us with the illumination of the motives and values of the adult world. The fact that Sibyl Carpenter can be seen as a representative of a pure innocence has a profound impact on the development of â€Å"A Perfect Day for Bananafish†. The certainty that Sibyl is a pure child character is encouraged by the use of the color blue in several parts of the story that is, next to the color white, known to represent innocence and purity. When Seymour first sees Sybil, he says: â€Å"That’s a fine bathing suit you have on. If there is one thing I like, it’s a blue bathing suit. (Salinger 12) Even though in reality it is not blue but yellow, through this single reference, the innocence of a child seems to be pointed out by Seymour. Almost as soon as Sybil is introduced, it is made obvious that she is characterized by the simplicity typical of children of her age. She seems to ingeniously believe basically everything that is told to her and this is the reason why she accepts the existence of a Bananafish without a doubt when Seymour Glass tell s her about it: â€Å"Sybil, I’ll tell you what we’ll do. We’ll see if we can catch a Bananafish† (Salinger 13). Towards the end of the interaction between Seymour and Sibyl, Seymour â€Å"picked up one of Sybil’s wet feet, which were drooping over the end of the float, and kissed the arch† (Salinger 17). She responded with a sharp â€Å"hey! †, but other than that, she did not react at all. In the sample of a few lines, it is shown that Sybil still has the traits of personality typically found in children. When they are offended, they generally do not stay upset for a long time, much the same as how Sybil immediately forgives Seymour. In spite of being one of the main characters of the story, it is clear that she is still a little girl, with all the traits that come with that age. Teddy, the main character in J. D. Salinger’s short story of the same name, is very different from Sybil Carpenter in that he can hardly be considered child like. One can say that he stands somewhere between a child and an adult. Being ten years old, he has obviously retained some of the youthful innocence but because of his abilities, experiences and experience, he cannot be seen as fully innocent. Teddy is a child prodigy, he can predict the future, and remembers instances from his previous lives believing in reincarnation. While he can be considered blessed to possess all of these abilities, it is also a curse to be ten years old and have to suffer through this. At one point, Teddy says: â€Å"It will either happen today or February 14th 1958, when I am 16. † (Salinger 182) He is most likely referring to the day that he will die, being capable of knowing this information because of the abilities that set him apart from the world. Moreover, he has intelligence that puts him in the same class or even higher as most adults, so he cannot be expected to have all of the innocence that comes with his youthful nature. Therefore, it can be said that Teddy has only half of his innocence, while the other half has disappeared due to his abilities and experiences that also led to the loss of simplicity that can be found in Sibyl, who comes across as a simple, naive child. The one trait of personality that Teddy and Sibyl share is the kindness. The kindness is evidence in both, Sibyl’s treatment of Seymour and Teddy’s behavior. When Teddys sister tells the young boy that he â€Å"is the stupidest person [she] ever met† (176), Teddy kindly defends and reassures the young boy. In his journal it is discovered that all Teddy writes about are small kind acts that he wishes to do for other people: he wants to find and wear his father’s dog tags because he thinks it will â€Å"please him;† he wants to write a condolence letter to someone who is ill, and he wishes to be â€Å"nicer to [the] librarian† (180-1). Sybil’s presence and behavior lea ds one to many conclusions about the main adult in the story, Seymour Glass. Seymour’s motives and values are clearly and concisely revealed through interaction with Sybil. Again, the color blue is used to show innocence. When Seymour takes off his robe to go in the water, it is discovered that â€Å"his shoulders were white and narrow, and his trunks were royal blue† (Saliger 13). Even by his name (Seymour – see more), it is suggested that he is much closer to the nature of a child than to the materialistic adult world, he sees in life much more than they do. In addition to the royal blue swim trunks, interaction between these Sybil and Seymour leads to a further illumination of Seymour’s nature. It is suggested in the story that Seymour is probably suffering from post traumatic stress disorder, yet one would never know that based off of his experience with Sybil. In the interaction with her, he simply seems to be a kind man willing to make the child happy: â€Å"Seymour only treats Sybil with kindness and attention. His interaction with Sybil offers insight into the end of the story. Seymour longs for something that is pure and innocent after his traumatic war experience. He does not fit in the current society, and remains separated from those his own age, including his own wife. (McCoppin 4) When Sybil asks him if he has read Little Black Sambo, he responds by saying â€Å"It’s very funny you ask me that, it so happens I just finished reading it last night. What did you think of it? † (Salinger 14) Seymour seems naturally talented in his dealings with children, which can, in fact, be considered as a sign of innocence, as in order to be able to relate to the i nnocence and purity of a child, it is a must that that person has at least a little innocence of their own. Again, this trait of his personality is only shown through his interactions with Sybil. Through Teddy’s interactions with adults, J. D. Salinger also effectively depicts the motives and values of the adult world. The professor to whom Teddy tells his story is, like in a case of â€Å"Perfect Day For Bananafish†, depicted in contrast to other materialistic adults including Teddy’s parents. He listens intently to Teddy and wishes to learn from him. Through their conversation, we learn that Teddy is a genius who can see into his past lives and into the future. He criticizes the adult world claiming that the adults think that they have all the knowledge and that they are everything, but in reality they are not. To exemplify this point, Teddy uses the example of the elephant, through the method of emptying out the mind: â€Å"I’d try to show [the children] how to find out who they are, not just what their names are and things like that†¦I guess even before that, I’d get them to empty out everything that their parents and everybody ever told them. I mean even if their parents just told them that an elephant’s big, I’d make them empty that out. An elephant is only big when it is next to something else- a dog or a lady, for example. I wouldn’t even tell them that an elephant had a trunk. I might show them an elephant, if I had one handy, but I’d let them just walk up to the elephant not knowing anything more about it than the elephant knew about them. † (Salinger 195) Teddy is basically calling the adult world’s knowledge false, as he seems to be of the opinion that they do not really know anything at all, they just believe things to be true. When somebody first learns about elephants, they are just told that the elephant is big, and that person blindly accepts it, which Teddy considers a huge problem in the society because nobody is actually learning anything as they just believe what people tell them. The proper way to learn is to experience, Teddy has those experiences because he remembers his past lives but the adults of the world do not have that ability. Therefore, Teddy’s abilities and experiences shape the reader’s understanding of the adult world’s lack of knowledge. Along with proving Seymour’s innocence, Sybil’s presence and behavior also shows the reader what Seymour thinks about material possession and greed. When Sybil asks what a Bananafish is, she prompts Seymour to respond by saying: â€Å"Well, [the Bananafish] swim into a hole were there’s a lot of bananas. They’re very ordinary looking fish when they swim in. But once they get in, they behave like pigs. Why, I’ve known some Bananafish to swim into a banana hole and eat as many as 78 bananas. Naturally, after that they’re so fat that they can’t get out of the hole again. † (Salinger 16) This conversation with Sybil is concealing what Seymour thinks about the world of material want: He believes that the world is filled with greedy people who never have enough and always want more. A literary critic J. F. Cotter claims that Seymour relates the tale about the Bananafish to Sybil as a lesson, possibly even a warning: â€Å"Sybil is a receptive child, [she] has yet to taste the avarice that fills most grown-up lives, she†¦can turn away from the spoon held out to her. † (Cotter 88) The characters in the story that are clearly depicted as dwelling too much on material needs involve Seymour’s girlfriend Muriel, Muriels mother, and Sibyl’s mother Mrs. Carpenter with their shallow talk of clothes and fashion. Just like bananafish gorge on bananas, they â€Å"gorge† on material things. Having returned from war, Seymour struggles to get involved in this society that is dominated by materialism and greed. In his friends Seymour he only meets apathy and ignorance. He most likely carries some complicated emotions in him and in this society, he can find neither the way to express them, nor someone to share the emotions with. Therefore, Seymour can identify with Sibyl, the pure and innocent child that is not yet burdened with the materialism and consumerism. Though the world of adults within this story is portrayed as either trite or fearful, Sybil’s world is light and innocent. † (McCoppin 3) However, by Seymour’s account, it is suggested that greed and gluttony will always come back to them, and almost always lead to a downfall. Once the bananafish eat too many bananas, they cannot get out of the hole and end up dying there. Again, Seymour’s view of the societ y is only known because of his relationship with Sybil and her youthfulness. â€Å"Salinger’s depiction of children serves to illuminate the tainted adult world Seymour cannot reenter. (McCoppin 3) The story ends tragically with Seymour’s suicide â€Å"that leaves a lasting message for the reader with its contradiction of a simple, pleasant moment with a child, and Seymour’s fatal belief that he is too damaged to ever reenter this life of innocence again. †The metaphor of the fish eating the bananas in â€Å"A Perfect Day For Bananafish† is equivalent to mankind eating the apple of knowledge. While the bananafish are unable to leave the hole, mankind is unable to eliminate the preconcieved notions that it obtained from the apple. Teddy believes that the only way to change and fix it is to completely empty out one’s mind claiming that this is the only path to enlightenment: â€Å"You know the apple that Adam ate in the Garden of Eden, referred to in the Bible? You know what was in that apple? Logic. Logic and intellectual stuff. That was all that was in it. So- this is my point- what you have to do is vomit it up if you want to see things as they really are. † (Salinger 191) When Teddy says one has to â€Å"vomit it up†, he is referring to getting rid of all the previously held notions, and essentially starting over. He believes that this is the only way to the possibility of living a true life without succumbing to the materialistic pressures that society already places on us. It may be painful and uncomfortable, much like vomiting, but it is the only way life can be better. However, concerning the ending of â€Å"Teddy†, â€Å"the question remains if readers should take Teddy’s teachings as Salinger’s genuine message to help the people of the modern era to find meaning in life, or if Teddy’s tragic end represents Salinger’s acknowledgement that Teddy’s vision of life cannot and perhaps should not exist in present reality. (McCoppin 7) It is interesting how Salinger phrases â€Å"Teddy† because it is the last story in Nine Stories, and it focuses on emptying out, but in the first story, â€Å"A Perfect Day for Bananafish†, Salinger focuses on filling up. Both stories are a commentary on the materialism of the adult world, but â€Å"Teddyà ¢â‚¬  seems to be different in the aspect that it actually tells how one can fix this materialism, rather than just telling what it will do to people, like in â€Å"A Perfect Day for Bananafish†. However, one has to take into consideration the tragic ending of â€Å"Teddy† discussed above. The reader would not know any of the aspects depicted above had it not been for the interactions between children and adults that characterize these two stories. Even though Sybil Carpenter and Teddy McArdle are each innocent in their own way, they are similar in that Salinger uses them, and their youthfulness and innocence, to seamlessly build the stories off of each other and illuminate the motives and values of the adult world. WORKS CITED: Cotter, J. F. â€Å"A Source for Seymour’s Suicide: Rilke’s Voices and Salinger’s Nine Storiesâ€Å". Papers on Language and Literature, Vol. 25, No. 1(1989): 83-98. McCoppin, Rachel Season: War, Children and Altruism in J. D. Salinger’s Nine Stories. Akademeia, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2011). lt;http://www. akademeia. ca/index. php/main/article/viewArticle/ea0102/18gt; Salinger, J. D. Nine Stories. Toronto : Bantam, 1986.

Rise and Fall of Julius Caesar Essay Example

Rise and Fall of Julius Caesar Paper What were the reasons for the rise and fall of Julius Caesar? Changes within the structure of the Roman army set the early stage of the rise of Julius Caesar to power within the Roman Empire. The republican army of the early days was founded on the â€Å"Servian† constitution. The army was the army of the state; citizens served in it according to their wealth and were called to arms when needed. In the third century this began to change as campaigns increased in duration and moved farther and farther from the boundaries of Rome itself. Further there was a growing resistance of wealthy citizens to take part in military service. In 107 BC Marius instituted reforms lowering the requirements of military service to include members of the lower classes. This voluntary service helped to augment the compulsory service required of more wealthy citizens. Volunteers flocked to the army due in part to the troubled economic situation within the republic that had plagued the lower class for many years. Army service provided payment for service, a share of booty, and an allocation of land upon completion of service. These reforms led to the creation of a professional army with soldiers who served many years, often in the same unit, led by the same commander. This in turn created a great deal of loyalty between the Legions and their respective commanders, loyalty that superseded that between the republic and her citizens. Political infighting was also instrumental in the rise of Caesar. Marius had been embroiled in an ongoing political struggle with forces allied with Sulla. We will write a custom essay sample on Rise and Fall of Julius Caesar specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rise and Fall of Julius Caesar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rise and Fall of Julius Caesar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer While Marius was engaged in a military campaign in Asia against the king of Pontus in 88 BC, Sulla who had been stripped of his authority in Asia by senatorial decree marched on Rome with his legions. Sulla forced the senate to banish Marius, who had managed to escape to Campania. Marius was captured at Minturnae but managed to escape again finally reaching Africa, where his old soldiers had been allocated lands due to Marius’s influence. Marius eventually returned to Rome, Sulla was absent in Asia facing the Mithridates allowing Marius’s supporters to gain power in the senate. Marius marched his forces into Rome and assaulted the city forcing the senate to lift his banishment and declare Sulla a public enemy. On January 1, 86, Cinna and Marius took the consulship by the 17th Marius was dead of pleurisy. Sulla regained power after the death of Marius and the republic was plunged once again into civil war. Attempting to regain control of Rome, Sulla and his forces faced a senatorial army at Brindisi in 83. Fighting lasted through the summer and fall of 82 at a cost of 50-70 thousand dead in the two armies and another 3000 prisoners executed by Sulla. Sulla further carried out a purge of Rome’s ruling elites. The forced removal and often execution of political rivals in the senate allowed Sulla to refill those positions with his own men. Sulla used this to begin the process of establishing a dictatorship without time limits. Beyond the power of dictator Sulla had himself presented as â€Å"Felix†, the leader blessed by the gods. This was the first use in Roman history of a divinity used for the personal ambition of an imperator. Sulla abdicated his position in 80 and died by the year 78 at the age of sixty. The actions of Sulla set the stage for the creation of a powerful dictator who would wield almost unlimited power of the Roman state. In the year 60, Gaius Julius Caesar returned from a successful governorship in the Spanish province, Caesar was anxious to hold both a triumph and the consulship of 59. The senate refused his request to stand in absentia, to declare his candidature. At the same time Pompey and Crassus were being shut out of senatorial proceedings as well. The three men Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus put their differences aside and formed a political alliance known as the First Triumvirate. It was a private and at first secret alliance later secured by the marriage of Pompey to Caesars daughter, Julia. They enlisted the tribune Publis Clodius in 58 to act as their agent in the senate. With his assistance they were able to push through a number of laws, including some that provided free grain to the citizens of Rome and forced their rival Cicero from Rome by outlawing anyone who had executed a Roman citizen without benefit of a trial. The year 58 also marked the year Caesar left Rome to take the governorship of Transalpine Gaul. Soon after Pompey was politically attacked by enemies in the senate and was forced to take refuge in his home for several months. By 56 the Triumvirate seemed to be falling apart, the three met at Luca in April of 56 and managed to patch up their differences, agreeing that Pompey and Crassus would be consuls in 55. The alliance dissolved not long after with the death of Julia and then Crassus being killed in battle in Mesopotamia. By 53 violence and disorder ruled the streets of Rome, things were so bad that the consular elections that year were postponed. In 52 the Senate-house was burned to the ground and Pompey was declared sole consul. Relations between the former allies became increasingly strained and both began to gird for war. In late 50 Caesar’s agent at Rome, tribune Marcus Scribonius Curio, forced the senate to a vote requiring both he and Pompey to disarm, only 22 senators opposed but they were able to secure a tribune’s veto. In January of 49 one of the tribunes, Marcus Antonius, forced the consuls to read a letter from Caesar agreeing to the earlier disarmament proposal. The consuls, with the support of Pompey refused to allow a vote, but proposed that Caesar be named a public enemy; the measure passed but was vetoed by Antonius. On January 7th, Antonius was warned to leave the senate, which then issued its ultimate decree (naming Caesar an enemy of the state). Caesar instead of running marched his army from Ravenna south to Ariminum, in doing so he crossed the Rubicon River, the boundary between Cisalpine Gaul and Italy. It was an open act of war. Caesar began his overthrow of the Roman republic by decisively attacking Pompey’s forces and forcing him to retreat to Greece. Having no fleet, Caesar moved his forces into Spain were he defeated the forces loyal to Pompey in three months. Moving into Greece Caesar defeated Pompey at Pharsalus in 48. Pompey fled to Egypt where he was executed on the orders of King Ptolemy. Caesar followed into Egypt and was captivated by the daughter of the king Cleopatra. In October 48 unbeknownst to Caesar, he was appointed in Rome as dictator for a year. In early 46 Caesar pushed into North Africa where the last remnants of Pompey’s forces were located. During the siege of Thapsus, Pompey’s army was annihilated. News of his latest victory was relayed to Rome and the senate appointed him dictator for ten years. Caesar installed Cleopatra in his house on the Janiculum, together with her infant son Caesarion rumored to be Caesars child. His campaigns finally brought him back to Spain where he finally defeated the last remnants of Pompey’s army under the command of Pompey’s sons. Caesar then returned to Rome where he spent the remainder of his life. From 48-44 BC Caesar enacted many reforms that were intended to relieve debts and reign in the extravagances practiced many of the patrician members of the government. He greatly increased the size of the senate and the number of magistrates; he also began a publics program that included a new forum, a basilica, and public library. Caesar also planned the creation of no fewer than 20 new colonies mostly in Spain and North Africa. New methods of taxation were established in the provinces, the new system assessed a fixed land tax replacing the older exactions of the publicans. Caesar further encouraged Roman colonization of the provinces and opened up citizenship to provincials. In 44 preparations were being implemented to strengthen Rome’s north-eastern frontier by attacking the Dacian king Burebistas, this action was to be a preliminary actions toward ultimately invading Parthia itself. Caesar expected to be away from Rome for three years during this action. A few days prior to his departure on the Ides of March, 44 he was cut down in front of the senate-house, at the foot of Pompey’s statue. Caesar had become too powerful and threatened the wealth and might of Rome’s political elite. His authority ultimately rested on the devotion of his soldiers who showed greater fealty to Caesar than to Rome. Many feared he was working toward being crowned king, and were frightened by his being venerated as a god by some. One can only guess at Caesars ultimate ambitions. A man of noble birth he rose from relative obscurity to the pinnacle of power within the Roman republic only to be the master of its destruction. Caesar’s legacy spawned the Imperial era of Roman history, many who would follow in Caesar’s footstep would take the title of Caesar as their own. Works cited: Marcel Le Glay, et. al. , A History of Rome (Malden: Blackwell, 2005. ) pg. 133-139