The Societal Effects of Totalitarian Control in 1984

The main goal of Totalitarian government is to limit and regulate every aspect of public and private life. George Orwell’s novel, 1984, illustrates a society lacking in freedom and expression. His fictional society in 1984 stands as a metaphor for a Totalitarian society. Communication, personal beliefs, and national loyalty are controlled by the inner party which governs the people of Oceania in order to keep society from rebelling. Oceania, where main character Winston Smith lives, is ruled by the INGSOC. The Inner Party, controlled by Big Brother, dictates several aspects of the people’s life. The Inner Party’s aim was to make any other alternative thinking a â€Å"thought crime† or â€Å"crime think† . The Inner Party only allows words that empower or respect the Inner Party and Big Brother. An example of the control the Inner Party has over the people is found in Syme’s dialogue on page 46, â€Å"It’s a beautiful thing, the destruction of words†¦You haven’t a real appreciation for , Winston†¦Don’t you see the whole aim of is to narrow the range of thought? † As a society, Oceania has been brainwashed to use only words or phrases that empower and respect INGSOC . Syme, who rewrites the dictionary using and erases oldspeak, understands the purpose and follows the rules because he has been trained. The overall concept of is designed to control personal beliefs of the citizens by limiting their form of expression. Controlling the communication fits with the Totalitarian aspects of governing. During the Cold War, communication was stifled between America and the Soviet Union. George Orwell envisioned the lack of communication could possibly result to total dominance and control of the people. The concept of also controls the personal beliefs of the citizens and promotes Totalitarianism by limiting the form of expression. The citizens of Oceania were forced to work long days which limited self expression because they were too tired to do anything else. For example, the citizens had to wake up and do â€Å"physical jerks† and had to work long hours for their government jobsThrough and Thought Police, the Totalitarian system of government in 1984 prevents the people from even thinking against the government and having personal beliefs. Surveillance is placed on the people and they are forced to comply. Early in the novel we see â€Å"it was conceivable that they watched everybody all the time. † (6) In chapter two, Winston can hardly remember his childhood because he was been warped and controlled by Big Brother. For example, in 1984 every household is equipped with a giant television that is constantly playing propaganda. The â€Å"telescreens† also supervise the behaviors and were there to constantly remind the citizens that â€Å"BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING†. Newspapers and media are censored to keep the government seemingly victorious. During the Cold War, forms of literature were heavily censored by the Soviet Union and by the United States to prevent military information from falling into the wrong hands. During the Cold War, the German Democratic Republic in East Germany tried to force Communism on as many people as possible by completely enclosing the city of West Berlin for more than a quarter century. The Berlin Wall, constructed in 1961, served as a physical barrier and furthermore hindered European‘s freedom of self expression because the people did not have the freedom to do what they wanted. George Orwell saw this was happening and magnified the possibility of an over controlling government and presented this to the extreme in the novel 1984. The ultimate strength of the Totalitarian society is presented at the end of the novel when Winston Smith submits to Big Brother by means of torture in Room 101. (212) The Inner Party did not care about the well being of Winston. All Big Brother wanted was loyal citizens. If a citizen did not follow accordingly; they would be â€Å"vaporized†. We see a change in Winston as a result from the pressing Totalitarian government. Throughout the novel, Winston was against his government. For example, he kept a diary, made love to Julia, and conspired against the government with O’brian. However, at the end he has become â€Å"fixed† to support and love his leader through learning, understanding, and accepting. (232) By the end of the novel, Winston does not even feel anything for Julia. He now understands the smile Big Brother always wears. â€Å"He had finally won the victory over himself. He loved Big Brother. † (245) The government of Oceania has gone to great lengths to change Winston, and as always, they got a oppressed loyal follower . Orwell wanted to warn society of the effects of an strict overbearing government. According to Orwell, the Totalitarian approach of government will not bow down to any one and will eventually dominate who ever gets in its path. America attempted to stop the spread of Communism through agreements and compromises. For example, the National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) was a report issued by the United States National Security Council on April 14, 1950. President Truman signed the document to emphasize military over diplomatic action to defend the Western Hemisphere from the Soviets. 1984 was written in 1949 and represented George Orwell’s interpretation of a possible society in the near future. During the 1950’s, the Soviets painted a Communist utopian society where everyone was equal, despite financial status or background. For example, Carl Marx wanted to improve the condition of every member of society without distinction of class. However, Orwell wanted us to realize a society under Communist control was far from a perfect utopia; Orwell referred to it as a dystopia. Successfully, 1984 exposed the lifestyle and tradition of a Totalitarian government. Totalitarian politics will dominate communication, personal beliefs, and national loyalty despite the equal utopia appeal created by the Communists. Works Cited Edgar R. Robert, Neil J. Hackett, George F. Jewsbury, Barbara Molony, and Mathew S. Gordon. Civilizations Past and Present. Vol. 2: from 1300. New York: Pearson Longman, 2008. Print. Orwell, George. 1984. New York: Harcourt Inc, 1950. Print. Seppala, Tuna. â€Å"War, Media, and International System: Propaganda and Censorship in the Image Wars- Constructing and Maintaining the Hierarhical International System† Presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Associations, Hilton Hawaiin Village, Honolulu, Hawaii. 5 March 2005 http://www. allacademic. com/meta/p70248_index. html.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay

Introduction â€Å"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung ailment that is characterized by a persistent blockage of airflow from the lungs† ( World Health Organisation (WHO) website, nd). This report will examine the causes, symptoms and treatment of COPD. It will discuss current statistics on COPD and some of the current treatments available. Multiple sources were used including websites, leaflets and government documents. Over 440,000 people in Ireland are thought to have COPD ( Living with COPD website, nd). By 2020, it is predicted to be the third leading cause of death worldwide (Living with COPD website, 2013). A recent COPD audit in Europe discovered that 50% of sufferers will die or be readmitted to hospital within a 3 month period (Living with COPD website, 2013). Approximately 1400 people die every year from the condition (Oireachtas website, 2013). Ireland has one of the highest incidents of death in Europe from COPD (Living with COPD website, 2013). COPD is an irreversible lung disease which causes permanent lung damage. In COPD, the airflow to the lungs become narrower and blocked and breathing becomes difficult (COPD Support website, nd). COPD is an umbrella term for Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema (Living with COPD website, nd). Causes The single biggest cause of COPD is smoking. 80-90% of people with the condition have COPD due to smoking. (COPD Support website, 2009). Other causes are air pollution, exposure to fumes or dust particles at work, passive smoking, recurring respiratory infections in early life and a rare genetic disorder called Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute website, nd). Diagnosis and Symptoms A breathing test called Spirometry is used to diagnose COPD (COPD FOUNDATION Website, nd). The test measures how well a person breathes. In Ireland, access to Spirometry Tests is not available nationwide and tests must be carried out in hospital (Oireachtas website, 2013). Early diagnosis can greatly slow down the condition (National Health Service website, 2012). Often COPD is diagnosed after a person has an  exacerbation of the condition (American Thoracic website, nd). An exacerbation of COPD means the  symptoms have become more severe. It is generally caused by an infection in the lungs and hospitalisation is required which leads to diagnosis of the condition ( American Thoracic website, nd). Symptoms of COPD include wheezing, persistent cough with mucus that will not go away, breathlessness completing everyday tasks and difficulty taking deep breaths (American Lung Association website, nd). Symptoms typically start to emerge from the age of 40 years onwards (Living with Copd website, 2013). Long term complications associated with COPD include, weight loss and swallowing issues known as Dysphagia (Queensland Health and The Australian Lung Foundation, 2012). Swallowing issues can arise as the patient can often breathe when eating, which causes food to enter the lungs. This can lead to reflux, indigestion problems, difficulty in finishing meals and lung infections (Queensland Health and The Australian Lung Foundation, 2012). Stages There are 4 stages of COPD: Mild, Moderate , Severe and Very Severe (End Stage) (COPD International website, nd). Mild: The person may have slight breathlessness and may or may not have a cough but is unaware they have COPD (COPD International website, nd). Moderate: Breathlessness carrying out day to day tasks, may or may not have frequent cough with mucus. At this stage the condition is normally diagnosed  as symptoms become more severe (COPD International website, nd). Severe: COPD greatly affects the quality of life, physical activity is limited, exacerbations of COPD are much more frequent (COPD International website, nd). Very Severe/End Stage; At this stage oxygen is required continuously, any exertion at all is difficult. Chronic Respiratory Failure and/or Heart Failure and death occurs (Kenny,T 2011). This knowledge would enable a Healthcare Support Worker to identify the early signs of the condition, have an increased awareness of a patient with a persistent cough, frequent colds or chest infections and encourage the patient to seek medical help for a diagnosis. Treatments Stopping smoking is critical in treating COPD, as giving up smoking greatly prevents the condition worsening. Inhalers are generally used to control and relieve symptoms of COPD. Short-Acting Inhalers are used to alleviate breathlessness, Long-Acting Inhalers which work over 12 hours to relieve symptoms, and Steroid Inhalers also assist breathing (British Lung Foundation website, nd). Oxygen Therapy is used in severe COPD. Patients may require oxygen for day to day tasks, when sleeping or in some cases, 24 hours a day. Oxygen is available in tanks, liquid form or oxygen concentrators (COPD Support website, nd). Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programmes also plays a vital role in the treatment of COPD (Oireachtas website, 2013). In Ireland, programmes are normally ran over 20 sessions, with patients attending two to three times a week. Group numbers are limited to a maximum of 15 people. The programme consists of Exercise, Nutrition to increase fitness levels and Education to increase the patients awareness of the condition (Health Service Executive website, 2013). COPD patients have been shown to gain hugely from Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programmes, improving quality of life, reducing hospital admissions and increasing survival chances (Oireachtas website, 2013). A person with COPD uses 10 times the energy to breathe than a person without the condition. It is important to replace lost calories, maintain weight and also to protect the immune system against colds and flu’s (American Lung website, nd). Foods high in both energy, sugar and fat such as fried foods, full fat dairy products and readymade meals are recommended to encourage weight gain. However it is important that a healthy diet is also maintained (COPD Education website, nd). Supplement drinks are often recommended to increase calorie intake between meals. If swallowing issues occur, soft foods such as soups and stews are recommended and patients are encouraged to eat several smaller meals throughout the day (COPD Education website, nd). With this knowledge a HealthCare Worker would ensure that meals are small but nutritious at regular intervals . A HealthCare Support Worker would also consider how meals are prepared as softer, more manageable foods may be required. Conclusion This report has examined the causes, symptoms and treatments of COPD. This report discussed current statistics regarding the condition and some of the treatments available. From researching this report it is clear that more public awareness of COPD in Ireland is essential to highlight the link between COPD and smoking. COPD needs to feature strongly in Anti-smoking campaigns to promote this awareness, which would enable early diagnosis and treatment.

Using Social Media to Market a Chiropractors Practice Essay

Using Social Media to Market a Chiropractors Practice - Essay Example The essay "Using Social Media to Market a Chiropractor’s Practice" looks at using social media to market a chiropractic practice looking at some of the options that are available, the costs, critical issues and advantages and disadvantages since integrating social media into marketing can help to significantly expand into other areas. The question of the extent to which chiropractors make use of social media to market their practice is one which is increasingly being debated. It has been argued that many chiropractors are constantly ignoring the reality as well as the potential that accompanies social media marketing subsequently leaving them behind. Integrating social media into any efforts at marketing can help to significantly expand into other areas that were previously not possible. Far from the days when one had to log into their Facebook and Twitter accounts in order to post updates, technology has evolved to provide tools including Hootsuite which present the chance to post updates to many social networks at once. Another perception is that social media is an expensive undertaking especially with regard to the notion that one will need to hire specialists and companies to put in place a social network profile for the practice. It is true that companies can enable the individual chiropractor to save a significant amount of time with regard to tasks that are related to the internet including setting up fan pages. Communication with the audience is a responsibility that can be carried out by the office staff.

Understanding high attrition rates within a retail bank finance Essay

Understanding high attrition rates within a retail bank finance department - Essay Example This is project report for tackling a serious problem which is currently facing Bank 4 U. That is the problem of abnormally high attrition. This project is not intended to be an analysis of the problem. An analysis by its very nature is intended to be a review of the situation.This analysis is reviewed later and appropriate decisions are taken on its recommendations. This problem is sufficiently serious that only an interventionary approach to solve the problem will solve it. The Author proposes an Action research project in this proposal.The project team members will be managers and other personnel who will be able to act on the solutions as they come up in the research team. The members of this team will also not be disinterested members of this project, but whom this problem of attrition personally and professionally affects.The theory and practice of action research is sufficiently covered in the project plan to give an idea of the approach which will be taken to solve this probl em and the rationale behind that approach. The problem itself is explored sufficiently to see how it could be properly solved using this method.This Project was initiated by the top management of Bank 4 U. The author of this report was entrusted with implementing it. Action research methodology will be used. The theory will be accumulated from various scholarly sources. The problem, which was attrition, will be defined in great detail. It is apparent that this is a problem of very high magnitude with no apparent solution and that there is a requirement of an immediate intervention. A team of highly affected members of management will be put together. Using the various methodologies of Action Research, solutions will be constantly be discussed by the group and based on this discussion , various solutions will be continually implemented. The data gathered from implementations will be reviewed to look at possible modifications on a constant basis. The Author of this project , is also t he originator of this project , would not lead this project , but be more of a facilitator . The members of this project will be more of a round table with everybody's opinions receiving the same value. This would be important for a successful intervention and prevent this action research project be taken over by one or a few people and defeat the purpose the panel. The project panel will be in place for the duration of the intervention Understanding High Attrition within a Finance Organization Developing a Collaborative Roadmap to Improve Employee Retention Conceptualization and Framework Context Bank-4-U is one of the nation's leading financial services companies serving consumers and small to mid-sized businesses through various subsidiaries in the Bank-4-U family of companies. The organization has grown extensively through a series of acquisitions and as a result needs to address challenges in the areas of cultural and technical integration.

Questions asked, Explain below questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Questions asked, Explain below questions - Essay Example The situation of the economy, such as economic booms and economic meltdown is a key competitive factor in global Smartphone industry. Economic meltdown will reduce the disposable income of customers. At that point of time companies are going for less costly smart phones. If the economy is booming customer’s disposable income would increase and companies starts to compete on high-end smart phones. Reliability of the brand and user friendliness of the smart phones is also a very key competitive factor affecting the company seriously. Before buying any smart phones customers search for different attribute and features like applications, internet speed, picture qualities etc (James, Laurence and Changhoon, 2011, PP. 343-353). These are the areas where modern players are competing very hard among each other. Static competitions are those competitions which remains same over the longer period of time. It does not change according to the situations. This sector is very much competitive in terms of static competition. Large players are constantly competing with each other. Difference between two large players is always very close. User friendliness, customer satisfaction are remains the static criterion of competitions. Legalities, patent rights of different companies are also important static competition. This market also has lots of dynamic competitions. This kind of competitions is short term. These are very situational in nature. Local small Smartphone brands can pose this competition in front of large global players. It can come up with new different applications which can attract customers. It poses lots of dynamic competitions in this industry. The Dynamic competitions some times are in terms of pricing strategies also. Yes, these two criterions diverge from one another. The above discussion is showing that static completion is not at all situational. This competition is always

Texas Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Texas Government - Essay Example (Texas Politics) There are striking similarities in these two constitutions. Both are founded on the cardinal principles of justice and equality towards all human beings irrespective of race and culture. They are identical in the framework of democratic rule of law based on division of powers between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary whilst exercising care to maintain balance of power amongst the three branches, viz. legislature, executive and judiciary, and protect the constitution from misuse or abuse of power by any individual. The background of the Texas constitution coming in the wake of its independence from Spanish rule coincides with the background of the U.S. constitution which came into being after the United States attained its independence from British rule. (Constitution of the United States) The differences lie in the areas of religion, policies on slavery, and the manner of drafting the constitution. Roman Catholicism was adopted as state religion in the Texas constitution. The United States constitution is silent on any such preference on religion although its articles and emblems principally endorse a faith in God based on reason and research. The Texas constitution consistently disapproved of slavery from its inception. The U.S. constitution dithered on the issue. The Texas constitution was drafted in a hurry and depended on U.S. constitution as source. The U.S. constitution was drafted in a pain-staking manner and required good amount of time and deliberations by the nation's founding fathers and legal experts. (Texas Politics) Texas PAC Every country, irrespective of its system of governance, has interest groups for noble causes such as education, human rights and environmental issues. The Associated Conservatives of Texas Political Action Committee (ACTPAC) supports conservative causes and forces in Texas. It is primarily engaged in raising funds for organizations and individuals espousing conservative ideals and activities. Obviously, ACTPAC has a broad agenda of social, economic and political nature. From standing up for tax cuts to waging war on terrorism, ACTPAC has the capability and resource to influence change for the better through interactions with those in power as also the ordinary citizen. Its officials are Jerry J. Mikus (Jr. Chairman), Mike McNamara (Vice Chairman and Secretary), Brian Russell (Treasurer), and Frank Alvarez (Consultant). The ACTPAC is headquartered at Austin, Texas, and by its very nature and form is beholden to the Conservative Party politically. As a political forum, ACTPAC is a multi-purpose body with a wide reach and powerful personalities to draw from. Its functions are modeled and organized to raise funds and gather support on critical issues affecting society as a whole. (Associated Conservatives of Texas PAC) Case heard by the Texas Supreme Court The case no. 03-0647 is a petition for review from the Court of Appeals for the Ninth District of Texas. The petitioner is Evanston Insurance Company and the respondent is ATOFINA Petrochemicals, Inc. Matthew Todd Jones, an employee of Tripe S Industrial Corporation contracted by ATOFINA

Day for Night (1973) Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Day for Night (1973) - Movie Review Example This movie review aims to summarize, evaluate and analyze the 1973 hit movie Day for Night, which aspires to bring to the audience the aesthetics of cinematography. Though on a first glance it is merely a movie about a movie, the film does more than just tell a story, it portrays the art of story making in a most successful way. Truffaut brilliantly combines real life characters along with fictional characters of Meet Pamela to produce a greatly effective film, which lets the audience relate with the film unit as well as be inspired by their constant endeavor to follow the passion they share for movies. This movie, which falls into the genre of drama, comedy and romance, released in 1973, is the epitome of cinema that deftly portrays the art of filmmaking. Thus, on a superficial note, one can observe that it is simply a movie about a movie. However, on a deeper analysis, the movie effectively illustrates various issues arising in both personal and professional realms regarding the ca st as well as the crew, which a director has to face and conquer in the process of making films. The researcher states that director Franà §ois Truffaut was one of the founding fathers of the French New Wave and an eminent icon in French cinematography. The screenplay writers for this movie, originally titled ‘La nuit amà ©ricaine,’ are Franà §ois Truffaut, Jean-Louis Richard and Suzanne Schiffman, and the film stars world renowned actors such as Jacqueline Bisset, Valentina Cortese, Jean-Pierre Aumont, Jean-Pierre Là ©aud etc. ... The off-screen characters are unbelievably real as they are imperfect with their day to day problems, and this entails the audience connecting with the characters and the predicaments that they face. The whole movie portrays the juxtaposition between the real life members of the film unit as well as the characters they portray in Meet Pamela. Truffaut’s amazing ability lies in the way he develops both the on screen and off screen characters, thus bringing overall finesse to the film and keeping the audience enchanted in the movie making process throughout the film. Truffaut also fulfills his role as a director to cast appropriate actors, which is construed by the incredibly effective performance of each individual member of the film unit with the emotions they radiate through their facial expressions and body language demanded by the particular situations of the movie. The theme of the film is basically the love and passion people posses about movie as well as movie making, wh ich is only emphasized through Joelle’s dialog when she says â€Å"I would drop a guy for a film, but I would never drop a film for a guy† (Day for Night, 1973). Truffaut wants to communicate a message to his audience that no matter what problems they face when they traverse down the path of their passions, they need to stay committed to themselves and the passion that they love and overcome whatever ordeals that come their way. If there is one moral that Truffaut wants to imbibe in the hearts of his audience, it is following their dreams and passion along with always sticking together and being there for one’s family. Though none of the members of the film unit share any blood relation, they are still a big family who sacrifice for the other and are there for them through the ups

Human postural Sway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human postural Sway - Essay Example In this paper we present the observation where 10 healthy subjects of mean age 25 are examined to find out a relationship between postural sway during quite-stance and perturbation with and without muscle fatigue. We also observe the effect of vision on postural sway on both normal and fatigued conditions. Human control of upright body posture involves inputs from several senses (visual, vestibular, proprioceptive, somatosensory) and their central interactions. Multiple sensory systems of human body are involved in tandem for controlling quite standing. Studies show that there is an indirect and presumably cognitive relationship between visual effects on posture control and their intersensory interactions (BLMLEA. et al, 2006). During quite stance position, center of mass (COM) is stabilized over base of support by using low level muscular movements and body sways around the point of support like an inverted pendulum (Johansson R, Magnusson M, Akesson M. 1988). This led to the hypothesis of inverted pendulum. Any defect, alteration or malfunctioning of the sensory or motor components increases body sway and hence increases the muscle activity to maintain postural equilibrium (Dietz V. 1992). Minor perturbations occurring during normal stance can be counteracted by the regulation of ankle muscles (Schieppati M et al, 1994 and McClenaghan BA et al 1996). Muscle fatigue is a complex phenomenon that has been defined as a reduction in the force-generating capacity of muscles, regardless of the task performed (Bigland-Ritchie B, Woods JJ.1984). Though, how fatigues affect the postural control system is not clear there are several fatigue related mechanisms involved at different levels of the nervous system that could affect the regulation of these small forces. Muscle fatigue causes failure of transmission of neural signals and disables the muscles to respond to the neural currents (Bigland-Ritchie B, Woods JJ.1984). Muscle fatigue also alters the basic functioning of complete nervous system and causes failure of motoneurons excitement. Effects of a muscle fatigue on human postural sway can be studied by inducing momentary fatigue by physical exertion. Studies show a mild difference in effects of a fatigue on sway with and without vision (Lepers R. and Nardone A. et al). To examine the effects of a fatigue on human postural control, in this experiment muscle fatigue is induced in ankle

The Perfect eProduct Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Perfect eProduct - Essay Example However, it is without question that with this drastic increase in available technology, the price of these devices have risen precipitously. Along with this price increase, so too as the consumption habits that the consumers display. Rather than changing a mobile device several times throughout the year, individuals are now encouraged, by simple force of economics, to retain their device longer, protect it, and seek to repair it in the off chance that it is somehow damaged. It is further estimated by experts that the industry responsible for the repair of mobile devices engenders an economy that is worth tens of millions of dollars annually. Whereas the repair of current mobile devices takes many shapes and forms, the most common repair that is engaged is repair of chipped, broken, or cracked glass screens. Whereas formerly mobile devices were put together with plastic LCD panels, the trend towards touch-screen devices has meant that more and more of these devices are now made with glass. As such, the product which will be promoted within this analysis for sale within the online market, will provide the consumer with an alternative to the exhorbitantly expensive screen replacements that can cost as much as 30% of the original phone’s cost. As such, the product which will herein be discussed and analyzed is a glass gel that has already been used in the automotive industry for decades which helps to seal and repair cracks, chips, or other imperfections on a glass surface. As such, the following section will engage the reader with a discussion and analysis of some of the key benefits that this particular product has to offer with regards to consumer utility and the ability of being sold online. The first of these is with regards the ultimate lightweight nature of the product itself. Comprising less than one fluid ounce, this particular product easily the ships; with little to no cost to the end consumer. Furthermore, it should also be understood that this particular product offers a tangential benefit of being a low-cost alternative the increasingly pricey cost of mobile phone screen repair; which was noted previously within this brief analysis (Wolf, 2012). As such, the gamble the individual consumer with regards to integrating person is your products are less than it would be if the product or service was closer in price to the alternative that face. A tertiary benefit is with regards to the fact that the existing supply of this glass gelling compound can easily be purchased in a litany of auto repair supply centers and repackaged at a significant markup (Moran, 2013). Fourthly, the high profit margin that could be denoted from this particular approach is clear and evident. Finally, it must be understood that there is ultimately no cost of research and development regards as the innovations are in place and the product provider is merely repackaging and reselling this product to the consumer for use in a different application that it was originally intended. Accordingly, the utility that can be gained from all of this, for the producer/seller, is that all of these facts help to directly translate to an increased level of money that can be saved on research and development, shipping costs, purchase of raw material in bulk, simplicity of product marketing, and a great many other

Lord of the Flies Essay Example for Free

Lord of the Flies Essay Lord of the flies has been called â€Å"a fable in which the characters are symbols for abstract ideas,† and there are many ways in which the characters can be viewed. One way, for instance, is comparing them to Sigmund Freud’s theory of id, ego, and superego: the boys being like a metaphorical person, where Jack is the id, Ralph the ego, and Piggy the superego. It is an appropriate allegation because of the fact that id, ego, and superego all have specific traits that match those of these three characters. The id wants, with no consideration for the reality of the situation. In the beginning of the novel we are shown Jack marching his choirboys across the beach in the way a militia leader would, making them halt and stand to. Already we are shown the image of a boy who loves, and wants, power. We see it in the way he demands and commands. Jack is the type of person who throws a tantrum when he doesn’t get exactly what he wants. He is always sticking his knife into a tree in a fit of rage, or trying to prove himself in some way. When he see’s he can’t be leader he tries to make up for his own feelings of inadequacy by proving that he can hunt and kill a pig. He does this to try and show the rest of the tribe his talents and qualities. Most all human beings have a basic desire to rise up, prove themselves and win praise and happiness, which is apart of their id. In Jacks case he craves power and attention and he will, by all means necessary, achieve it. Unlike Jack, we see Ralph: the ego. The ego is a persons own morals and standards that hold the id in check. In a way it is one’s personal Jiminy Cricket. Ralph knows right from wrong very well and we can see he has been raised to have virtuous morals by the way he acts towards the others on the island. When he left piggy to go explore with the two other boys, you could tell immediately that he had a moral conflict by the way that he quickly ran back to piggy to apologize. This shows that Ralph has a deep sense of principle, which is one of his best leadership qualities. When Piggy’s glasses were stolen, Ralph was upset that Jack no longer had morals and standards, like he did. He was also upset that Jack’s id had taken over most of the group and that they gave into their most basic, savage instincts. As the id, Ralph keeps Jack in check, and stands between him and Piggy, who happens to be the superego. The superego is considered society’s morals and standards that one must conform to. The superego goes hand-in-hand with the ego to try and keep the id in check. Here Piggy is like Ralph â€Å"right hand man†. Piggy is constantly reminding everyone that they should behave like mature adults act properly even though the grownups aren’t around. The little ones are always running about and messing around leaving the older children to build the shelter and the fire and gather wood and water. Piggy talks about what the grownups would do and how they should do everything like that. Lord of the Flies proves to be a novel of many abstract ideas. Though Golding may not have meant to allude to Freud’s id, ego, and superego theory in his novel, there certainly were many suggestions and many ways to interoperate the characters and their actions.

Vibrational frequencies of water molecule

Vibrational frequencies of water molecule Question 1 Normal modes and vibrational frequencies of water molecule HF/3-21* optimised geometry of the water molecule H bond length 0.967 HOH bond angle 107.7 (ii) Energy of the HF/3-21G optimised water molecule = -75.58596 au Cycle Energy Max. Grad. Max. Dist. 1 75.58553 0.01246 0.00304 2 75.58589 0.00324 0.00025 3 75.58596 0.00001 0.00000 Frequency (cm-1) Relative Motion Stretch or Bend Type Symmetry (S or A) 1799.2 Bend A1 S 3812.2 Stretch A1 S 3945.8 r Stretch B1 A HOD Energy 75.58596 au Geometry Bond angle 107.7 Bond length 0.967 Vibrational frequencies 1578.7 H moves faster than D symmetric 2815.3 D moves quickly whereas H moves slightly asymmetric 3881.7 H moves quickly whereas D moves slightly asymmetric Normal modes and vibrational frequencies of the water dimmer (H2O)2 Hydrogen-Bond Acceptor Hydrogen bond Hydrogen Bond Donor Hydrogen bond length (HO) = 1.808 Hydrogen bond angle (O-HO) = 174.9 Energy of the F/3.12G optimised water dimer = -151.18902 au (a) Potential energy calculation: ΔE = E(dimer) 2xE(H2O) = (-396 871.2KJ/mol) 2x(-198 413.2KJ/mol) = (-396 871.2) (-396 826.3) = 44.9 KJmol-1 (b)As seen from the surface diagram for H2O, the oxygen has negative charge (ÃŽ ´-) whereas the hydrogens are positively charged (ÃŽ ´+). In the water dimer molecule, the hydrogen atoms (on the H-bond donor oxygen) are ÃŽ ´+/blue region. The oxygen atom that is bonded to the hydrogen that is the H-bond acceptor has ÃŽ ´- charge/red region. Between in the H-bond, the positive(H) and negative(O) charges combine/green region. The hydrogen bond is formed between one of the H atoms and one O, instead between the two oxygens, because the two oxygen atoms are negatively charged, and have ÃŽ ´-, and therefore repulsive interactions are formed between them. So, one H reacts with the O, which donates one of its lone pairs to form the H-bond. In the structure of the molecule, the HO bond is almost linear, very close to 180 but it is distorted so it is about 175. Also, the distortion causes the bond HO to become longer. (c) For the water molecule: H bond length = 0.967 For the water dimer: H bond length of H-bond donor = 0.965 H bond length of H-bond acceptor = 0.966, 0.974 (H of H-bond) The H bond length of the hydrogen of the H-bond is bigger than the other O-H bonds in the molecule. This is because this H is bonded to the oxygen through the H-bond, and it is pulled towards the oxygen, causing its bond with the other oxygen to become a bit longer. Question 2 The water dimer consists of two fragments, the H-bond acceptor (top OH2 group) and the H-bond donor (bottom OH2 group). When a vibration causes both fragments and H-bond to move, then it is considered to be the inter-monomer because it is a vibration between the two molecules. If only one of the fragments vibrates, then the vibration is only in one of the molecules (it is internal) and it is considered to be an intra-monomer. The vibrational frequencies of the water dimer are the following: Frequency = 81 cm-1 Type = A Bending Mode Top part of the molecule moving slightly up and down, while the two bottom hydrogens move up and down as well Inter-monomer: The vibration affects both molecules connected through the hydrogen bond. Frequency = 133 Type = A Bending mode Top part and bottom part moving right and left. Inter monomer Frequency = 172 Type = A Bending mode Middle hydrogen moving right and left and two bottom H atoms moving up and down symmetrically (when one is up, other is down) Inter Monomer Frequency = 242 Type = A Stretching Mode Inter monomer Frequency = 425 Type = A Bending Mode The H-bond acceptor fragment moves to the front and then back, and the H-bond donor fragment moves up and down as well. Inter-monomer Frequency = 826 Type = A Bending mode The H of the H-bond (middle H) is moving to the right and left, causing the rest of the molecule to move in that way as well Inter-monomer Frequency = 1782 Type = A Bending Mode The hydrogen atoms on the H-bond donor fragment move up and down to the sides going further away and then coming closer. Intra-monomer Frequency = 1854 Type = A Bending Mode The hydrogen atoms on the H-bond acceptor fragment separate and go further away and then come closer together again. Intra-monomer Frequency = 3724 Type = A Stretching mode The hydrogen forming the H-bond moves closer to the oxygen of the H-bond and then further from it, causing the O-H bond to come smaller and the HO bond to become bigger, and the opposite. Intra-monomer Frequency = 3849 Type = A Stretching mode The hydrogen atoms move symmetrically so that their bonds with the O of the H-bond donor are becoming bigger (stretch out) and then smaller. Intra-monomer Frequency = 3907 Type = A Stretching mode The O-H bond of the H not involved in the H-bond acceptor fragment is stretching out, causing the bond to become longer, while the bond of the oxygen with the other H, which is involved in the H-bond, becomes shorter. Intra-monomer Frequency = 3982 Type = A Stretching mode It is an unsymmetrical movement, where one O-H bond in the H-bond donor fragment becomes shorter and the other longer. Intra-monomer Question 3 Isotopic substitution in the water dimer Free Energy (H-TS) = 37.8 ΔÎâ€" Total = 127.5 Free Energy (H-TS) = 39.7 ΔÎâ€" Total = 126.5 ΔG = G(B) G(A) = 39.7KJmol-1 37.8KJmol-1 = 1.9 KJ/mol K = e(-ΔG/RT) = exp(-1.910-3Jmol-1/8.314JK-1mol-1x298K) = 1.00000077 Deuterium prefers the position shown in B (connected to the oxygen of the H-bond acceptor fragment, but doesnt take part directly in the H-bond) because the molecule has higher free energy for this arrangement. Question 4 Interconversion of water dimer structures Frequency = i302 Type = B1 Frequency = 105 Type = B2 Frequency = 208 Type = A1 Frequency = 225 Type = B1 Frequency = 256 Type = A2 Frequency = 591 Type = B2 Frequency = 1785 Type = A1 Frequency = 1831 Type = A1 Frequency = 3829 Type = A1 Frequency = 3862 Type = A1 Frequency = 3952 Type = B1 Frequency = 3961 Type = B2 Acyclic water dimer Cyclic water dimer The acyclic water molecule energy is 3.96910-5 KJmol-1 whereas the energy of the cyclic one is -. The cyclic molecule is less stable than the acyclic one because its ability to move around is effectively reduced compared to the acyclic one, due to the two bonds formed between the oxygen of one molecule and the two H of the other molecule. The imaginary frequency has the value of i306.9. One of the middle hydrogens moves up while the other moves down, in an unsymmetrical movement as shown in the pictures above. For the acyclic water dimer there are no imaginary frequencies and it corresponds to the valley. This shows that it is very stable and this structure is preferred. The cyclic molecule contains one vibrational frequency and this suggests that it is not as stable as the acyclic one. It corresponds to the hilltop of molecule-mountain. If a molecule has more than one vibrational frequency it corresponds to the mountain passes and it is a very unstable and unfavoured structure for the molecule to be at, which most probably does not exist. The cyclic structure is not very stable, and therefore it is not preferred over the acyclic one. Question 5 Syn-butane: No imaginary frequencies à   Valley à   stable structure, highly favoured Boat cyclohexane: ne imaginary frequency à   Hilltop à   fairly unstable, exists but not preferred All-syn cyclohexane: More than one imaginary frequencies à   Mountain Pass à   does not exist, very unstable

The Use of Computer Technology in the Classroom :: Teaching Education Essays

The Use of Computer Technology in the Classroom The classroom as we know it is undergoing dramatic changes in the information age. New technologies have always been introduced into the classroom such as overhead projectors, televisions, and even instructor-operated computers, but they never significantly affected the process or the experience of teaching and learning. However, individual computers and the advent of digital textbooks have emerged to reshape and redefine the classroom. Many debate the effects of e-books and the Internet on students and the overall impact that it will have on the educational system as a whole. While keeping up to date with technology is an important aspect of growing up in the digital age, some traditional forms of teaching seem to benefit the individual student in ways that computers cannot imitate. The invention of the computer and the Internet has allowed enormous amounts of information to be accessed. This influx of information and the current rise of interactivity on the Web attract many schools eager to teach their students in a more modern fashion. The race to become a technologically advanced school has also resulted in a market push for items such as electronic textbooks and other interactive learning supplements. The information age definitely calls for a technologically based learning experience; however, many debate about how far technology should be allowed to penetrate into the classroom. Neil Postman's book, Technopoly, warns that technology produces winners and losers, and that sometimes the winner does not become clear until the loser has disappeared (Butler, 1). If this is the case, it is highly important that the affects of integrating a modern technologically advanced classroom equipped with individual laptops and e-books are studied before they are imposed up on innocent children. The debate against the implementation of electronic textbooks and the digital classroom has many elements. One of the hardest things to prove to educators and academics is the true effectiveness and advantages of e-books compared to other forms of learning. The U.S. National Science Board of Science and Engineering Indicators stated in 1998 that, â€Å"the fundamental dilemma of computer-based instruction and other IT-based educational technologies is that their cost effectiveness compared to other forms of instruction-for example, smaller class sizes, self-paced learning, peer teaching, small group learning, innovative curricula, and in class tutors-has never been proven† (Alliance, 1). It appears that in order for e-books and other technologies to enter the classroom they must prove that they have distinct advantages over traditional forms of learning, and currently there is no such proof.

Fertilizing the Flowers with Anger :: Personal Narrative Writing

Tulips in California-the winters are not cold enough. But the obsessive among us, the true lover of flowers, of garden, earth, and growth persists. Women mostly, women like my mother, know that tulips will not bloom unless they have six weeks of cold, yet they persist. My mother simulates the growing conditions: she places the tulip bulbs in a special drawer in the refrigerator. A drawer empty but for tulip bulbs, resting, maturing for six weeks long. During these six weeks, my father is periodically chastised for placing softening apples in the refrigerator so they will not rot on the kitchen counter. Chemicals released by apples stunt the maturation of tulip bulbs and prevent blooming. "How many times do I have to tell you? The bulbs will not bloom with apples!" my mother screams at my father, when she discovers a bag of apples in the adjoining drawer. He knows this-he has watched the thwarted growth of her tulips time and time again. He refuses to waste good fruit, and he will sacrifice a year of tuliping for the sake of saving. And my mother goes to the nursery and buys another bag full of bulbs. "I have to be on constant look out for those goddamn apples," she says to me over dinner. It amazes and befuddles me, that my mother, who does all the grocery shopping, who chooses all of the fruit, buys apples and only apples, apples in great numbers and different sizes. It is a war they play over and back to each other-wasting money by saving money, wasting fruit by saving tulips, buying more apples to replace the lost fruit, wasting tulips to save the fruit. And so the battle goes-sacrificing to save and saving to sacrifice. It is like this with everything, with everything with my parents. They love each other very much. They are furious in their love-it is an uncontrollable, full-blown process, like the blooming flower, one I will never fully understand. My father goes into fits of depression; he furls his brow, he turns inward, and goes crazy over things like overflowing garbage cans, unfolded laundry, shoes left in the center of the living room floor. His head shakes and his eyes muddy-you can see the pressure and smell the mood. Then he explodes. She stands there and watches him, my father burning like a branch, with her finger pressed to her temple.

Religion Versus Science in The Scopes Monkey Trial :: American America History

Religion Versus Science in The Scopes Monkey Trial   Ã‚  Ã‚   The stage was set in Dayton, Tennessee.   The leading actor in this show was a twenty five-year-old science teacher named John T. Scopes. Scopes was under the direction of advancing America.   The playbill read The Scopes â€Å"Monkey† Trial.   In 1925 John T. Scopes was encouraged to challenge the Butler Law.   This law had been passed by a small town in Dayton, Tennessee to prohibit teaching contra to those in the Bible. Teaching from an evolutionary text, Scopes broke the law and gained the attention of the National media.   The concentration of the media on the Scopes Trial effectively presented the contrasting ideas of a religious town and an evolving country.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The town in Dayton, Tennessee was both religious and stable.   People in this town were seen holding signs marked with the command to â€Å"Read Your Bible† (Ginger 93). The inhabitants here had adopted the teachings of the Bible in order to feel secure within a time of change.   â€Å"In rural areas, particularly in the South and Midwest, Americans turned to their faith for comfort and stability† (Scopes 12).   The town would hold on to what they knew.   People in Dayton had no desire to travel forward with the roaring twenties.   William Jennings Bryan was the leading defender of the Butler Law as well as heading the prosecution. Bryan was determined to defend as literally true every word of the Bible.   In the deepest sense, he had to defend it; he needed reassurance and certainty, and since childhood had learned to rely on the Bible as the source of reassurance and certainty.   (Ginger 41).   Bryan would be the leader to a people who held on to religion and the past.   Ã‚  Ã‚   In contrast to this small town were the advancing views of America.   The twenties continued to roar towards modernism.   â€Å"Breakthroughs in technology, the increase in material wealth, and the beginning of an empire seemingly heralded the upward march of civilization, with America on the forefront† (Dumenil 6).   In all directions, it was clear that America was moving forward.   Transportation was a prime example of this advancement.   Innovator Henry Ford introduced his â€Å" Ford Miracle† to the public (Dumenil 6).   Economies and the social values also began to advance.   â€Å"Dubious get-rich-quick schemes and fads†¦contributed to a tone of feverish frivolity† (Dumenil 7).   People began to lead fast paced lives with the desire to become rich, quickly.

State & Center Relation in India

An essay on the divisions of powers between the Union and the States . Because of its enormous size and economic, social, religious, cultural, linguistic and ethnic diversities our leaders thought unfit to give India a federal constitution. Our constitution provides for decentralization of political author ¬ity. The powers of the Centre and the States have been divided carefully in our constitution. In addition, Part XI of the Constitution (Art. 245 to 255) deals exclusively with the relations between the Union and States. The effort of the Constitution makers has been to grant autonomy to the States on one hand and to maintain unity and integrity of the vast country on the other hand by keeping co-coordinating authority with the Union, ‘Unity in Diversity' is a unique feature, which has been kept in view by Constitution makers. The Constitution clearly enumerates the areas of control under the centre and the states in three lists. List I consists of subject under the Control of Union, while List II contains areas of Control of the States. Yet there is a third list known as concurrent list. Associated essay: A.K. Kraipak v. Union of India Summary The Union and States have concurrent powers on the subjects contained in this list. These lists are contained in seventh schedule of our Constitution. By and large, defense of the country, foreign affairs, currency, railways, shipping and navigation etc. are the subjects of the Union List, while maintenance of law and order, prisons, police force, local govern ¬ments, public health etc. are subjects of State List. The subjects like criminal law and procedure, marriage and divorce, lunacy, forests, economic and social planning etc. are in the concurrent list. The Union Parliament can make laws for the whole or any part of India in regard to subjects contained in Union List while the states have exclusive power to make laws for the state as a whole or any part there of will respect to any of the matters listed in the State List. State Legislatures can also make laws on the subjects contained in the concurrent list. The residuary powers are vested in the centre. Parliament can, however, legislate with respect to a matter in State List if the subject is declared to be of national importance by a resolution of Rajya Sabha or when a proclamation of emergency is in operation. The centre has been given some administrative powers over the states for effective co-ordination. It is the responsibility of the States to ensure compli ¬ance of Union laws within their territory. The centre can give directions to the states for die purpose. The Union can also give directions to a state regarding construction and maintenance of means of communication of national or military importance and for the protection of the railways within the state. The centre can deploy any grave situation of law and order in the state. The power to settle disputes between states relating to distribution of waters of inter-state rivers lies with the Union. The centre can set up inter-state councils, if it feels necessary. For this administrative co-ordination, there is a provision of All-India Services in the Constitution. These services are common to the Centre and States. The recruitment and other service matters are controlled by the centre, while they continue to service their states. The centre, by rotation, utilizes their services on deputation for a specified period.

Bullying: What Can You Do?

Bullying in America used to be a rite of passage for kids of all ages, something that everyone went through, and survived, coming out none the worse in the end. I remember going through It. It wasn't easy, and I had to endure quite a bit of It because of what I looked like, even as a seemingly regular kid. But I survived, nonetheless, and came out better for it, more empathetic, and more sensitive to the needs of those around me who may not have been able to find their voice. After all, It took me about 30 years to find my voice on the subject.But now, I've found it, and I'm [sounding] my ‘barbaric yap' from the rooftops of public schools around the country! As a poet by nature, a Christian, and a single mom of a relentlessly bullied 6-year- old who suffers from ADD, I am passionate about this more than I've ever been passionate about anything else In my life. I want children to know about bullying, what it looks like and how it affects kids who are not only victims, but also, kids who are bullies. I want to give bullying victims a voice and bullies a shot at redemption.I want to give the average kid a leg up In the social hierarchy, and I want to turn the social hierarchy upside-down. I don't want It to be cool to pick on kids anymore. I don't want it to be something they can brag to their friends about. I want to make bullying the elephant in the room doing a circus act and make it something that if their friends saw them do they would be thoroughly ashamed. I want to change the Ideology that bullying Is a ‘rite of passage', because while It very well may be that ‘all kids go through it', not all kids come out on the other side ‘none the worse'; some kids don't even come through it at all.I also want to point out that In some cases, teachers play a part In bullying, too. While they have the best Intentions at heart, to foster our little future presidents' and doctors' minds and lay a foundation for learning that will last a lifetime, t hey can also be unwittingly and unknowingly ensnared by children as a point of influence for bullying to begin. Let me explain. When a child has ADD, they can only be ‘officially tested for It at age 6.Kids are under a lot more pressure when they start school now to perform well, to be socially adept and ready to change the world with a flick of heir crayon at the tender age of 5, when most children are in kindergarten. This makes it very hard on a child with ADD, who may not be socially adept; who may in fact be socially awkward through no fault of his own; who may not be a first-time listener; who, also through no fault of his own, because of his undiagnosed disorder. May be drawing attention to himself as he fidgets through stormier or talks out of turn in a class discussion.He draws attention to himself without a clear understanding of what Is going on around him In the minds of his fellow classmates, hen he, Instead of the story, Is the topic centered on by the teacher as she tells him to â€Å"sit up straight, stop moving around, get in your own space, wait your turn†, etc. Each time she corrects him (after a certain point), her corrections and the I OFF against him in the future, because by doing this, he inadvertently drew attention to himself, and therefore away from them (see Ego, Developmental Psychology). The teacher is unaware of these little arrows being flung as insults later.She doesn't realize that she has essentially made things harder for him, while trying to make everything easier for everyone. I don't know how to solve this problem, but whole-heartedly believe it exists, because now I have a new problem to solve: how do I fix what was never broken? How do I ensure the true rite of passage for my son, and stop him from going through something he was never meant to go through? I can't change the past. I can't go to school with him; as a mother I have to let him go a little bit at a time, and guide him to eventually become a grea t man, educated and socially adept.I can't blame anyone for what has happened, nor take on the lame for myself alone, and I certainly can't blame him for something that he had no conscious awareness of creating. I can't make someone pick him for a game, or stop him from being dragged behind a tree and forced to belittle himself in front of the bullies out of fear of being physically harmed, and I can't stop him from being called a freak because he doesn't behave in the same way that the other children have been made accustomed to. And I can't blow through the school like a tornado, and shield him from all that mistakenly indoctrinated ammunition, either.I can't shake a finger at other people's kids, or shame them for being bullies, when bullies are created without a conscious awareness of wrong-doing, and not born that way. I can't stop it. All I can do is take a stand†¦ I CAN teach my son that while it may not be fair, he is going to have to work twice as hard to be as still a s his classmates at stormier, and refrain from interrupting class. I CAN teach him about his disorder and ways to counteract the impulsiveness, and release the excess energy in healthy ways. I CAN tell him over and over that he is reflect Just the way he is because that is how God made him, and I will always love him.I CAN teach him about bullying and how to stand up for himself, and how to eventually become a cog in the wheel of anti-bullying ideology so that no one else has to suffer with him in their life, because he understands and has a heart for people who are persecuted for being themselves, the way his savior was, and pray that it strengthens his faith, in God, and in himself. I CAN find ways to influence him and build up the self-esteem that is torn down each day he is bullied. I will not teach IM to be practiced at turning his head, or to ignore what is going on around him, because others around him are already good at doing Just that.I CAN continue to teach him every day that he is worth trying extra hard, and that he doesn't deserve to be treated any differently than anyone else, and that he should say that to someone who tries to treat him differently. I CAN teach him how to regard life with humor, and knock the chip off every time he comes home from school with it on his shoulder. I CAN love him, and do the best I can by him, and in so doing ensure that he grows up o be successful and kind and driven and righteous.And I CAN be an advocate, for him and countless others who have not yet found their voice to sound out against bullying. I CAN do that. I CAN write articles and provide protest against the most influential ideology since Marin Luther King, Jar. Inspired non-violent demonstrations silent demonstration and understanding among children to uphold violence as morale, instead of empathy. I CAN teach my son to do unto others as he would have done unto him, and pray that it seeps from him and finds a home among the hearts of his classmates.And I CAN urge him to do something I will never do, either: to never give up, and to believe in himself and to know that God gives him worth; to not put stock in what others say about him, but continue each day to be optimistic in the face of adversity, and to never, ever bully anyone: to let it end with him, and to let something new and fresh and wonderful begin, a morale we have apparently lost sight of in recent years: TOLERANCE. That's what I CAN, and will continue to do, from now on. I urge you to teach your kids about bullying and how awful it is. Teach them to be mind to one another.I had an idea of how to do this in kindergarten: Kids are chosen, or volunteer, to be ‘door holders', ‘messengers', ‘hall monitors', etc. Every day. It teaches them leadership and service, and gives them a sense of accomplishment. I think that we should take a little time to add to the curriculum the message of anti- bullying, and make it so that children volunteer amongst themselves to be â€Å"Bully Monitors†, to keep an eye out throughout the course of the day for incidents of bullying, and to make the bullies aware of what they are doing, and to not be afraid f telling a teacher about it.Some kids are better at standing up for themselves than others, and the victims of bullying often are too afraid to say something, or believe that the teachers will Just brush it off as something they started, or as unimportant ‘horsing around'. Children have the most influence on each other, and those who are unafraid to speak out against bullies or acts of bullying should be encouraged and entrusted to do Just that. In so doing they can be a leader, and maybe even a hero to kids around them who are victims of bullying.This is one very powerful way that we an use the ideology of ‘peer pressure' in a positive and effective way that helps everyone involved, and ensures safety and a well-rounded learning environment for our children. After all, they won't b e children forever. One day they will be adults, with power and authority over people and things. And we want those seats of power to be filled by distinguished, all-around decent human beings, so let's teach our kids how to be decent human beings now, and ensure a better world and a better tomorrow for all of us. Let's teach them what they CAN do about bullying. Dorothy Wire December 14, 2012

Topics History

Choosing one of the following topics, you will write a 750 to 1 000 word paper based on the reading of Pocahontas and the Phaeton Dilemma. This paper must be computer generated, double-spaced, with standard one-inch margins and 12 pat. Font. Papers must answer the question(s) using at least two (2), and no more than three (3), quotes from the book that are properly cited. Quotes can be no longer than three (3) sentences. Please reference the Essay Guidelines handout and the citations handout, both of which can be mound on Blackboard.Both handouts will provide you with more specific instructions regarding style, citations, and organization. 1) What exactly is the Phaeton dilemma? In answering this question, describe the various ways that both Pocahontas and the other peoples of Phaeton's confederacy attempted to resolve this problem. What consequences resulted from their methods? Or 2) How does this book present an alternate story about Pocahontas that challenges the traditional stor y found in previous books, movies, and Disney orators.Please provide evidence for your argument (answer) using quotes from the Townsend book. Note: Each paper must have a title page and a bibliography. Papers must have a strong and clear introduction, use solid topic sentences in the body of the paper to introduce each part of your argument in answering the question, and a clear and concise conclusion which ties the paper together. Papers that fail to address any of these requirements will have points deducted accordingly.

International Journal of Technology Management and Sustainable Development

The last decade has witnessed the emergence of an array of increasingly vibrant movements to harness science and technology (S&T) in the quest for a transition toward sustainability. These movements take as their point of departure a widely shared view that the challenge of sustainable development is the reconciliation of society's development goals with the planet's environmental limits over the long term. In seeking to help meet this sustainability challenge, the multiple movements to harness science and technology for sustainability focus on the dynamic interactions between nature and society, with equal attention to how social change shapes the environment and how environmental change shapes society. These movements seek to address the essential complexity of those interactions, recognizing that understanding the individual components of nature society systems provides insufficient understanding about the behaviour of the systems themselves. They are problem driven, with the goal of creating and applying knowledge in support of decision making for sustainable development. Finally, they are grounded in the belief that for such knowledge to be truly useful it generally needs to be â€Å"coproduced† through close collaboration between scholars and practitioners. The research and applications program that has begun to emerge from these movements has been called sustainability science by the National Research Council. This Special Feature high-lights this emerging program and some of the new results it is beginning to produce. The need for sustainable development initiatives to mobilize appropriate science and technology has long been recognized. Early research on sustainable yield management of renewable resources provided the foundation for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's seminal World Conservation Strategy, published in 1980. The case for making appropriate research and development (R&D) an integral component of sustainable development strategies was broadened by a number of international scientific organizations during the mid-1980s, promoted by the Brundtland Commission's report Our Common Future in 1987, and enshrined in the Agenda 21 action plan that emerged from the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992. Over the succeeding decade, the discussion of how S&T could contribute more effectively to sustainability intensified, involving numerous researchers, practitioners, scientific academies, and development rganizations from around the world. By the time of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, held in Johannesburg in 2002, a broadly based consensus had begun to take shape on the most important ways in which S&T has already contributed to sustainability, on what new R&D is most important, and on what stands in the way of getting it done. Many of the most valuable contributions of S&T to sustainable development predate the term itself. These range from the â€Å"mundane technologies† that have improved delivery of basic needs for sanitation and cooking, through the yield enhancing, land saving accomplishments of the international agricultural research system, to the fundamental scholarship of geographers and anthropologists on nature society interactions. In more recent times, a host of R&D efforts explicitly aimed at promoting sustainability have been launched. These extend from a rich tradition of work on energy systems and ecosystem resilience to new initiatives in industrial ecology and earth system complexity. A feel for the breadth and scope of relevant R&D now underway around the world is suggested by the rapidly growing list of entries on the virtual â€Å"Forum on Science and Technology for Sustainability†. However, much remains to be done. Perhaps the strongest message to emerge from dialogues induced by the Johannesburg Summit was that the research community needs to complement its historic role in identifying problems of sustainability with a greater willingness to join with the development and other communities to work on practical solutions to those problems. This means bringing our S&T to bear on the highest-priority goals of a sustainability transition, with those goals defined not by scientists alone but rather through a dialogue between scientists and the people engaged in the practice of â€Å"meeting human needs while conserving the earth's life support systems and reducing hunger and poverty†. At the international level, the Johannesburg Summit, building on the United Nations Millennium Declaration, has defined these priorities in terms of the so-called â€Å"WEHAB† targets for water, energy, health, agriculture, and biodiversity. A more systematic study of internationally sanctioned goals and targets for a sustainability transition, together with an evaluation of the state of reporting and assessment on progress in attaining those goals, is provided by Parris and Kates in their contribution to this Special Feature. As important as this international consensus on goals and targets may be for targeting problem-driven research in support of a sustainability transition, however, it is not sufficient. A joint workshop held by the International Council for Sciences, the Third World Academy of Science, and the Initiative on Science and Technology for Sustainability concluded that â€Å"agenda setting at the global, continental, and even national scale will miss a lot of the most important needs. The transcendent challenge is to help promote the relatively `local' (place- or enterprise-based) dialogues from which meaningful priorities can emerge, and to put in place the local support systems that will allow those priorities to be implemented†. Where such systems exist, the production of usable, place-based knowledge for promoting sustainability has been impressive indeed. The commitment of sustainability science to problem-driven agenda setting does not mean that it has been confined to â€Å"applied† research. Indeed, pursuit of practical solutions to the pressing challenges of sustainability has driven the field to tackle an array of fundamental questions. The Friibergh Workshop on Sustainability Science identified a half-dozen such core conceptual questions that have been further developed through the virtual Forum on Science and Technology for Sustainability and are beginning to appear in the context of emerging agendas in other more established fields, such as global environmental change. Examples of the new sorts of research now beginning to emerge on several of those core questions are reported elsewhere in this Special Feature: Kates and Parris on â€Å"How are long-term trends in environment and development reshaping nature–society interactions in ways relevant to sustainability†; Turner et al. on â€Å"What determines the vulnerability or resilience of the nature–society systems in particular kinds of places and for particular types of ecosystems and human livelihoods? ; and Cash et al. on â€Å"How can today's relatively independent activities of research planning, observation, assessment, and decision support be better integrated into systems for adaptive management and societal learning? † The sustainability science program is also beginning to address a range of fundamental observational and methodological challenges. For example, H.  J. Schellnhuber and his colleagues at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research have developed innovative new answers to the question â€Å"How can the dynamic interactions between nature and society—including lags and inertia—be better incorporated in emerging models and conceptualizations that integrate the Earth system, human development, and sustainability. Wolfgang Lucht, writing in the IHDP Update, summarizes current work on answering â€Å"How can today's operational systems for monitoring and reporting on environmental and social conditions be integrated or extended to provide more useful guidance for efforts to navigate a transition toward sustainability and a number of groups are calling for re-examination of national and international social account measures to include sustainability considerations. Activities to advance the sustainability science program are moving forward on a number of fronts and at scales from the global to the local. One of the more up-to-date lists of programs and projects is maintained on the Forum on Science and Technology for Sustainability. As an indication of the range of activities underway internationally, the International Council for Science, Third World Academy of Sciences, Initiative on Science and Technology for Sustainability, and other organizations have formed a Consortium for promoting a coordinated international program of research, capacity building, and applications. The Earth System Science Partnership of the Global Environmental Change Programmes has launched a series of â€Å"Joint Projects on Sustainability† focused on problems of food security, water, and carbon management. An increasing number of international science assessments for environmental protection (e. g. , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Millennium Ecosystem Assessments) are incorporating sustainability concerns. And a rapidly expanding set of multi-stakeholder â€Å"Partnerships for Sustainable Development† are developing in the wake of the Johannesburg Summit. An even greater variety of S&T-based efforts are underway at the local, regional, and national levels around the world. The research products of some of these efforts are beginning to appear in the published literature, although many of the relatively local results remain largely unknown beyond their places of origin and application. Sustainability science is not yet an autonomous field or discipline, but rather a vibrant arena that is bringing together scholarship and practice, global and local perspectives from north and south, and disciplines across the natural and social sciences, engineering, and medicine. Its scope of core questions, criteria for quality control and membership are consequently in substantial flux and may be expected to remain so for some time. Nonetheless, as the papers included in this Special Feature are meant to suggest, something different is surely â€Å"in the air,† something that is intellectually exciting, practically compelling, and might as well be called â€Å"sustainability science. †

With reference to your own research, do you think that the ability of Essay - 3

With reference to your own research, do you think that the ability of a business to act successfully in a socially responsible manner is mainly determined by the products it produces - Essay Example Companies that value defined corporate social and ethical behaviors tend to do better and gain more profits than those that neglect such responsibilities. In the past, many business organizations did not consider it necessary to take care of their workers, community, and other stakeholders as long as they were making profits and growing. However, recent years have witnessed businesses starting acting socially responsible. The increased competition brought about by technological development and other factors cannot allow a company to neglect its social responsibilities. The nature of products that a business produces determines to some extent the degree of corporate social responsibility that a firm upholds. The views of stakeholders and customers on a particular product, as well as its demand, will significantly determine the extent to which a firm acts successfully responsible. For instance, products such as petrol and tobacco may not be friendly to the society in some ways. The companies that produce such products thus always combat their adverse influence on the society. The British Petroleum (BP) Company oil products inherently harm the environment and hence the society, despite the company upholding various social responsibilities. The company failed to act environmentally responsible in a successful way when almost 210 million gallons of oil spilled into the Gulf of Mexico. The failure of the enterprise to act socially responsible was mainly due to the nature of the products it produces. Extraction, purification, transportation and storage of oil call for complex and delicate procedures to reduce chances of adverse environmental effects. Customers who buy petroleum products from BP do not concern themselves with the environment since they are buying products that possess negative externalities. Consequently, it reduces

Law for non-lawyer Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law for non-lawyer - Case Study Example Essentially, there are laws governing criminal offences as well as civil offences. In addition to underscoring the punishment that the offenders should be accorded, the laws offer principles that need to be put in consideration before the suspects are justified to have committed the alleged offences. In this consideration, law is an instrument of furthering justice and ensuring that all individuals are treated equally. Offences related to assault are defined to be criminal by the law. This is due to the fact that they expose the individual to harm or danger that compromises their life. Put differently, assault is a criminal offence that compromises the life of a victim. It exposes the victim to danger and/or instils a demeaning sense of fright. Usually, the legal implications of assault are immense. For this reason, it is important for the prosecutors to weigh the options and establish that the offense actually occurred. It would be unfair to prosecute a person if it has not been cle arly established that the offense actually happened. It is against this background that this paper explores the guidance and general principles that need to be put in consideration when making the decisions regarding whether to prosecute Billy for the alleged assault. Generally, assault is defined as any act, as opposed to a simple omission, in which an individual recklessly or intentionally causes the other to apprehend unlawful and immediate violence. As in R v Burstow; R v Ireland (1998) 1 AC 147, fear is an inherent factor of assault. In addition, assault does not necessarily constitute physical contact with an individual that alleges to have been assaulted. In light of Barwick CJ in The Queen v Phillips (1971) 45 ALJR 467 at 472, the mere instillation of fear amounts to assault (Loveless 42). With reference to the case study, Billy assaulted the youngsters psychologically. Arguably, the two children were filled with fear when their mother was hit in their presence. In this sens e, Billy is liable for the offence of assault. The principle of recklessness is also important in establishing the charge of assault. In instances where the crown relies on recklessness to make the vital decisions and where physical force is not applied, Monaghan indicates that it is essential for one to prove that the accused was aware that the complaint is likely to fear that s/he would at that particular point in time be subjected to unlawful and immediate force (64). Regardless of this knowledge, the accused went ahead to take the respective risk. In instances where physical force is applied, the crown needs to prove that the accused was sure that the complaint would actually be exposed to unlawful force, however minimal, as a result of what he was just about to do, but still took the risk that the respective incident might happen. A classic exemplification of this is by R v Savage; DPP v Parmenter [1992] 1 AC 699 (Monaghan 65). With reference to the case study, Billy clearly kn ew the implications of hitting his wife with a leg of a chair on her head. It has not been indicated whether he was under the influence of alcoho

Homework policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homework policy - Essay Example Positive social interaction encourages learners to communicate with one another. The homework policy adopted by Mr. Collet encourages positive social interaction in numerous ways. Some of those ways include preparation of students in advance by encouraging them to buy student’s planner. The use of planners assists in proper time management for students as well as enabling them to have an effective balanced study in all their subjects (Pandey, 2005). Second grade students are very interactive and feel appreciated when their teacher identifies any effort they make. Using a planner Mr. Collet will be able to track all activities done by each student. Mr. collet will use the planner to gauge the attentiveness of the student by checking on how the student updates his/her planner. In case the planner has not been well updated, the teacher continuously monitors the activities of the student. Through the monitoring, the performance of the student will enhance since he will not like th e teacher to keep monitoring him. The planner will also act as a reminder to the students on the take-home assignment. Students following the information in the planners will enhance their social interaction with Mr. Collet. Explaining assignment to a second grade student verbally creates conducive environment for Mr. Collet and the students. The students will ask for clarification in case, the instructions are not clear. By so doing the teacher and students develop a strong bond towards each other.

Mental Health and Mental Disorders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mental Health and Mental Disorders - Essay Example He worked out Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. This author stated that emotions derive from "an interaction between events in the environment and beliefs and expectations which we have". (qtd in Clark, p. 130) Sometimes these beliefs are so powerful that they affect person's emotional conditional. The purpose of emotive behaviour therapy is to make these emotions less powerful and not badly influence person's emotional condition. (Clark). According to the concepts of cognitive theory, specialists counseling in mental disorders, should focus on mental condition of the client and investigate his identity, rather than treat his physical body with the help of medicines that may have side effects. Another famous author who worked in the field of cognitive therapy was Aaron Beck. He worked out a special methodology and strategies to treat depression and anxiety that were based upon the conceptions of cognitive theory. Clients are to perform a dialogue within his inner world to define the patterns that are to be changed to improve client's condition. Treatment strategies worked by Beck help a client to find out depressive beliefs and change his way of thinking. The commentators describe the essence of Beck's approach as following: "According to Beck and Emery, the way we process information is governed by structures called schemata. These schemata are made up of rules for explaining incoming information, and for retrieving what we have already learned. They are capable of exerting powerful effects on how we experience and relate to the world. For example, the schemata of a person with a social phobia cause them to become anxious and avoidant by explaining incoming information a nd memories in terms of social threat. Treatment consists of correcting faulty or illogical thinking by repeatedly confronting cognitive schemata with discrepant information from role-playing and homework assignments." (Abela, p.117) Modern medicine includes treating depression and anxiety with psychotherapy or medications, or combining both these treatments. The experiments and researches show that a combination of these two methods is mostly effective, especially because antidepressants rarely result in dependence. Companies that produce medicine encourage doctors to prefer medical treatment to psychotherapy, but there are cases in which referring to a specialist in psychotherapy is necessary. In case the person takes antidepressants and this brings no results, a visit to professional in mental health may be more effective. (Clark) Cognitive theory and therapy based upon it provide for a theoretical basis allowing specialists better understand the reasons for anxiety and depression to appear, to treat them effectively. This theory is regarded as effective even in comparison with other popular theories. To better understand the impact of cognitive theory into modern psychotherapy it is necessary to observe its perspective on mental illnesses and anxiety in particular. According to the cognitive theory, the reasons for depression, anxiety and worries appear due to several reasons: Sometimes it is enough just to see a model of behavior to take it over, when a person expresses intense fears or nervous condition. Sensitive people often answer such behaviour the same way. Sometimes a person inadequately estimates the situation and interactions with people

Explain the Scientific Management Approach with reference to Henry Essay - 1

Explain the Scientific Management Approach with reference to Henry Fayol and Frederick Taylors principles of management - Essay Example tation of science was basically targeted at manufacturing industry and other regular responsibilities, in order to improve productivity and competence from top to lower echelon of leadership. On the one hand, Taylor suggests that the development of proven practices need to be anchored on comprehensive observation of business processes, and on thorough training and recruitment of the most qualified of workers, because by doing so, organizations will be guaranteed smoother processes and more profit (Maqbool, Zakariya, and Paracha, 2011). In light of this, Taylor summarised his approach in four principles namely: a) scientific creation of work processes; b) scientific selection and training of workers; c) enlightening workers on the benefits of scientific management; and d) specialization of employees (Taylor, 2013). All of these strategies are aimed at improving productivity and better gains in organizations. Taylor (2013) argues that developing a scientific system of work eases the measurement of employee output. With these analyses, positive adjustments could be affected to the equipment and workstation programs used by employees, which would eventually enhance efficiency and productivity of business. Scientific recruitment and preparation of workers to weather various workplace challenges helps to realign divergent employee aptitudes, and fit them to their respective job. In light of this, the role of management would translate in to selecting the most qualified of employees for a particular job, and training the candidates scientifically to enhance their productivity (Maqbool, Zakariya, and Paracha, 2011). For instance, a high school that is in need a graduate teacher specialised in specific subjects, would recruit such an individual from a pool of applicants, and train him or her on the best ways to relate well with students, fellow members of staff, parents, school clinicians and the immediate community to ensure they fit in the new workplace

Oflactory and Gustative Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Oflactory and Gustative Marketing - Assignment Example Most marketing activities in hotels adopt a visual marketing since there is a deep connection between brands and customer involvement. Due to the increase in competition in businesses today, many marketers have employed the olfactory stimuli to capture the attention of buyers. Olfactory marketing makes the customers linger longer in retail surrounding, and this lures them to making impulse purchases. Scent marketing has become a fast emerging trend in marketing. The trend recognizes the need for companies to strive and reach their target customers through sight and sound. As Kimmel (2010) noted, difficulties faced by marketers in trying to reach the audience makes scent-related marketing understandable. The principle behind the olfactory branding is uniqueness and consistency (Dooley, 2012). Controlling the olfactory environment is there necessary since people tend to associate smells with products or the store. To support the olfactory marketing, companies should consider using olfactory packaging on their products. Olfactory packaging is way of packing products in a manner that appeal to the sense of smell (Kimme l, 2012). Many researchers have been trying to investigate the effect that the olfactory sign exert on clients and the approach behaviors they were exhibiting. The researchers observed that products in the scented store remained for a short period as compared to those in unscented store. Merchandise evaluations showed that the intention to purchase a backpack while no scent was present was only 2.29 while after the application of the scent the scale rose to 2.97. The researcher findings proved that odors and their many features have the capability of affecting a customer’s perception of services and products (Cherish & Oktavian, 2012). One can conclude by saying that adequate scent exploitation is of great importance in marketing and other business activities. Gustative

Fire in the SUVs in Southern California Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fire in the SUVs in Southern California - Essay Example Although these groups of terrorists do not kill people, they still create fear among innocent lives. Their manner of espousing their belief of protecting the environment is quite radical. They resort to arson and other similar violent acts. They would not be labeled as terrorists if they only resort to peaceful protests such as giving away stickers which express their abhorrence on SUVs.   The people who set fire on the SUVs and some SUV dealerships may be labeled as terrorists because of their clear violation of the criminal laws of the United States, particularly committing an â€Å"act dangerous to human life† (Federal Bureau of Investigation 4).   The burning of the SUVs was attributed to the Earth Liberation Front (ELF) which is an extremist environmental movement who strongly believes that SUVs are pollutants because of their poor fuel efficiency. Their strategy is to destroy properties which harm the environment. They are like other terrorists who cause damages amounting to millions of dollars. They claim to be protectors of the environment, but how can they be considered as such if they are sowing terror in society. If this is not terrorism, then what is?   

Computer aided design package Essay Example for Free

Computer aided design package Essay A company called Engineering ? Us have employed me to find out the cost, benefits and the drawbacks of upgrading from their current method of hand made technical drawing to using an up-to-date Computer Aided Design (CAD) package. This company designs and constructs office furniture to order; because of this work only begins on an item once the exact details of the item have been calculated and have the clients approval. The current method which is used to gather the information that the designers need to make the drawings for the office is to send over a person to measure the location where the item or items of furniture will be located and how they will get the item into the building. After this has happened and the measurements have been given to the designers the designers will draw the blueprints by pen and paper. After they have drawn the design they will send the blueprint via one of the companys employees to the client for him/her to look at and decide if it is what they wanted. If the client decided they liked the design the blueprint would be sent down to the workshop where they would start construction of the design. If the client didnt like the blueprint that the designers had made Engineering ? Us would find out from the client what was incorrect with the blueprints, then the designers would redesign the blueprints with the clients inputs in mind. After this it is shown to the client again to see if it is to their liking. The reason the company is upgrading to a CAD based system from their hand drawn method is that up until now they have only had to make items on a smaller scale with a lot of time allowed for each project. Currently they allow the designer to make the drawings on the A0 paper taking their time which would take a few months, then have it sent to the manufacturing department to be constructed. Now they have managed to negotiate a contract with another company who will require Engineering ? Us to make the items faster, this means that they will need the technical drawings drawn faster so they can construct the items sooner. To allow this to happen they have decided to change from their current system to a computer based system using a CAD package appropriate to their needs. Engineering ? Us is a small company; they have one office and a workshop which are situated in separate places. The office block is where the items are designed and the workshop is where they are constructed using the designs from the office block. To transport the drawings from the office block to the workshop they walk over from the office block to the workshop with them, the reason they do this rather than any other method is that the two locations are very close together. Engineering ? Us has ten people working in the workshop where they are constructing the designs that are made and they have two designers drawing the blueprints in the office. There are also seven people who take blueprints out to clients to make sure that they like the drawing before Engineering ? Us constructs the design. These five people also take orders and measurements of the areas where the clients want the items to be placed and deliver the items to the client using a company van. The company has three supervisors, one is in charge of the technical drawing department, one is in charge of the workshop and one is in charge of the five people who communicate directly with the clients. One manager is in charge of all three of the supervisors and then the director of Engineering ? Us is above him. In total this brings the number of employees working for Engineering ? Us to twenty and two of these twenty employees will be using the system I am to justify. The company has recently won a new contract from a client and now has to construct a lot more furniture over a shorter period of time. For the company to meet these demands they have decided to upgrade their workshop to use a CAM machine that will speed up construction. The CAM machine has already been chosen by the company and the training plus everything else that is required for the CAM machine to operate. Engineering ? Us only require me to analysis the designing part of the company and make this more efficient to keep up with the new contract they have acquired. Engineering ? Us wants me to come up with a system that will run a CAD package that I justify for the company to use. This system will have to output a file format compatible with the CAM machine so that they integrate with each other easily. The contract will provide the company with i 60,000 at the end of the year once all of the items have been constructed and delivered to the client. This will be paid in instalments at the end of each month of i5,000. This contract will also be renewed with the client providing that Engineering ? Us can adequately provide the items they required within the allotted time frame. The system that I have been asked to come up with will have two users; these two users are currently working with Engineering ? Us and they will need to be trained in using the new system as they have not had any training or experience with any CAD application. They also need to have the capability to back up their drawings daily so that if something did happen to their hard drive they wouldnt have lost everything. They also want all three computers linked up to their own network separate to any others that the company already have. It also needs to be connected to the internet so they can download updates for their CAD package as updates become available over the internet. The company has given me a budget of i 15,000 to come up with a costing to make or to buy two PCs capable of running a CAD package that I justify and anything else that is needed to run this application. With this budget I will also need to buy an A0 plotter, two graphics tablets, networking equipment and training for the employees on using the CAD package. P2 The company currently has two computers in their office block; these computers are very old and are only used for word processing for administration tasks. The current specification of their computers is shown in the table below: Component Specification Processor Intel Pentium 166 MHz (Random Access Memory) RAM 30MB Optical drive CD-ROM x8 speed Hard drive 9GB Modem 56K The computers they currently have cant be upgraded to use any of the new CAD packages because everything in the current computers would all need to be replaced to make it compatible with any new CAD packages. This would effectively mean making a new computer rather than upgrading it, so just constructing a new computer would be a more cost effective way of proceeding. For that reason it would be better to keep these computers for administration purposes they are currently being used for, this would allow the company to still use them and not have to throw them away as they do their current task perfectly. DeltaCAD, MiniCAD, TurboCAD and AutoCAD are four different CAD packages that I have found that could do the job required by Engineering ? Us. The reason I have chosen these four is because the CAM machine in the workshop will only accept . DWG files for reading and if the CAD package didnt output . DWG files it would not be able to integrate with the CAM machine. These files must be contained on a floppy disk as the CAM machine has only a floppy drive input and then it will read the data from it and construct to the specified design. I have chosen to further investigate three separate CAD packages out of the ones listed above; these three are DeltaCAD, TurboCAD and AutoCAD. The reason I have decided to investigate these further is that DeltaCAD is the cheapest, TurboCAD is the mid range and AutoCAD is the most expensive out of the packages. Using these three will give me a wide band of different costs for the different CAD applications which will allow me to come up with cheap systems, mid ranged and expensive an system for the company. This will help me not only stick to the budget I have been allocated but may also save the company money depending on the over all costs of the CAD package that is used. After finding out more on DeltaCAD, TurboCAD and AutoCAD I have found out that the latest versions of these three CAD packages are DeltaCAD 5. 0, TurboCAD 10 and AutoCAD 2005. DeltaCAD is made by a company called Midnight Software, TurboCAD is made by a company called IMSI and AutoCAD is made by a company called Autodesk, both IMSI and AutoCAD sell other products that are like CAD, but they will not be suitable for the tasks that Engineering ? Us require of it. Upon further investigation I have discovered one problem with TurboCAD that DeltaCAD and AutoCAD dont have is that the CAM machine might not read the files it outputs perfectly. TurboCAD 10 outputs a different type of file but they state that this type of file is perfectly compatible with any CAM machine that reads . DWG files. Although they say this I think that from past experiences there could be problems from time to time with this type of file on Engineering ? Uss CAM machine, when these problems arise it will slow the construction process down. P3/M2 I will have to either buy a new PC from a store or make the computers myself; whichever approach is adopted the hardware that will have to be in the machine will be the same and is listed below: Motherboard which will support all other hardware required for the computer   Video card to output a display on the monitor for the user to see what they are doing   CD-ROM drive to install the software applications which will be needed for the task the company requires of it   Floppy Drive to move the . DWG files to the CAM machine in the workshop to construct the items, this can also be very useful for fixing a broken computer or to help analyse its fault   Case for all of the components that will make up the computer to go into. RAM for the computer to open up applications and to keep data that is being used at the present times Hard drive to install the software applications on and store the CAD files created   Keyboard for the users to enter in alphanumeric data and other characters   Mouse or other pointing device for the user to move the curser on the screen   Processor to be able to process all of the data that needs to be processed   Processor heat sink to take heat off of the processor and disperse it into the air. Fans to keep the components inside the computer cool enough to work correctly, e. g. processor fan, case fans and video card fan   DVD/CD reader rewriter drive to back up the drawings that they produce during the day   Monitor for the user to view what they are doing while using the computer Other hardware that will be needed that is not part of the computer and is not needed to get the computer working, but will be required by the company to enable it to do all the work required is the A0 plotter and graphics tablets. An A0 sized plotter will be used to print off the CAD drawings on A0 paper and used to show the blueprints to the clients, they then decide if they like it or not from these blueprints. The reason that they will need to be printed out on A0 size paper is because due to the size of the items they are designing and the amount of information that needs to be shown to the clients it can only be easily displayed on an A0 sized piece of paper. One advantage of the system for the plotters is that there would only need to be one cheap plotter that prints off the drawings in low quality.